印度人的主要問(wèn)題是什么?（下）

Shivam Shekhar
What is the biggest problem in being Indian?
I don't know why but I often feel like that time and again the world has always "used" or "exploited" India and Indians for its own benefits.
There are several reasons for this:

身為印度人最大的問(wèn)題是什么？
我不知道為什么，但我常常感覺(jué)世界一再地"利用"或"剝削"印度和印度人以謀取自身利益。
這其中有好幾個(gè)原因：

Ancient India was center of learning and diversity. We gave the world the concept of zero, Ayurveda, yoga, kamasutra, plastic surgery, vedic mathematics and a lot more. And yet, many important historical centers of learning like the Nalanda University were destroyed by barbaric invaders.
India has been a victim of massive invasions throughout its history. People like Nadir Shah, Mohammed Ghori, Mahmud of Ghazni, Tamerlane, Babur, invaded India and stripped it of its wealth, looted and plundered the towns and cities etc.
After the Mughal Dynasty was well established, it saw a period of peace under Akbar's reign. But after the death of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb again imposed his orthodox views of Islam on his people. This resulted in revolts and conflicts in his kingdom.

古代印度是學(xué)習(xí)和多樣性的中心。我們向世界貢獻(xiàn)了零的概念，貢獻(xiàn)了阿育吠陀、瑜伽、《愛(ài)經(jīng)》、整形手術(shù)、吠陀數(shù)學(xué)等等。然而，許多重要的歷史學(xué)習(xí)中心，如那爛陀大學(xué)（Nalanda University），被野蠻的入侵者摧毀。
印度在其歷史上遭受了大規(guī)模的入侵。像納迪爾沙、穆罕默德·古里、加茲尼的馬哈茂德、帖木兒、巴布爾這樣的人入侵了印度，掠奪了它的財(cái)富，洗劫了城鎮(zhèn)和城市等。
在莫臥兒王朝穩(wěn)固之后，在阿克巴統(tǒng)治時(shí)期出現(xiàn)了一段和平時(shí)期。但在沙賈汗（印度莫臥兒帝國(guó)皇帝）去世后，奧朗則布再次將他正統(tǒng)的伊斯蘭教觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加于人民。這導(dǎo)致了他王國(guó)中的反抗和沖突。

The Britishers came to India during early, 17th century as traders. They demanded the control of beaches and ports which they referred to as "deserted" in exchange of great European goods. Jahangir(the emperor during that period) had no clue why someone would be interested in deserted beaches, quickly complied without hesitation. Thus giving British access to important trade locations and gates to heavy profits, thus beginning the destruction of his empire.
Aurangzeb was the last of the great rulers of Mughal dynasty and never really trained a successor after himself. This led to the breaking up of the great Mughal empire into several smaller states and provinces each with their individual rulers. The Britishers used this to their advantage and using their policy of divide and rule, captured great amounts of land and eventually gained control of the Indian Subcontinent.

在17世紀(jì)初期，英國(guó)人以商人的身份抵達(dá)印度。他們請(qǐng)求控制那些他們認(rèn)為“荒廢”的海灘和港口，以此作為換取他們昂貴的歐洲商品的條件。當(dāng)時(shí)的皇帝賈漢吉爾不明白為何有人會(huì)對(duì)這些荒廢的海灘感興趣，于是他毫不猶豫地同意了這一要求。這為英國(guó)人提供了進(jìn)入關(guān)鍵貿(mào)易地點(diǎn)的機(jī)會(huì)，并開(kāi)啟了通往巨大利潤(rùn)的大門，這標(biāo)志著他們帝國(guó)衰敗的開(kāi)始。
奧朗則布是莫臥兒王朝最后的偉大君主，他并沒(méi)有為自己的王朝培養(yǎng)繼任者。這導(dǎo)致了曾經(jīng)輝煌的莫臥兒帝國(guó)分裂成數(shù)個(gè)較小的邦和省，每個(gè)地區(qū)都有自己的統(tǒng)治者。英國(guó)人利用了這一局面，通過(guò)他們的“分而治之”政策，占領(lǐng)了大量土地，并最終取得了對(duì)整個(gè)印度次大陸的控制權(quán)。

They forced people to grow opium, recruited Indians as sepoys, engaged in slave trades, extracted massive amounts of wealth, seized the lands, stripped rulers off their administrative powers, etc.
During the world wars, a large number of Indians sepoys died while fighting for the Britishers.
The Japanese agreed for an alliance with the Azad Hind Fauz established by Subhash Chandra Bose only to overthrow the British in the subcontinent. It is often said that had they succeeded in removing the British, the Japanese would have captured India. But they later withdrew their forces.

他們強(qiáng)迫人們種植鴉片，招募印度人作為士兵，參與奴隸貿(mào)易，榨取了大量財(cái)富，奪取了土地，剝奪了統(tǒng)治者的行政權(quán)力等。
在世界大戰(zhàn)期間，大量印度士兵在為英國(guó)人作戰(zhàn)時(shí)死亡。
日本人同意與由蘇巴斯·錢德拉·鮑斯（Subhas Chandra Bose）建立的"Azad Hind Fauz"（自由印度軍隊(duì)）結(jié)盟，只是為了推翻英國(guó)人在次大陸的統(tǒng)治。人們常說(shuō)，如果他們成功地趕走了英國(guó)人，日本人就會(huì)占領(lǐng)印度，但他們后來(lái)將軍隊(duì)撤了回去。

After, the Britishers retreated, the Muslim league and Indian National Congress hunger for power resulted in the nation being split into 2 parts on the basis of 2 nations theory. A 5000 year old civilization being shattered into pieces!
Invasion of Kashmir by Pakistan and Aksai Chin by China resulted in India having territorial conflicts with both the nations thus resulting in 5 wars being fought. 4 with Pakistan in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999 and 1 with China in 1962.
Time and again India has been denied important aid by various nations. For eg: India had to develop its own Global positioning system. The requirement of such a navigation system is driven because access to foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military depending on American GPS during the Kargil War.

英國(guó)人撤離之后，穆斯林聯(lián)盟和印度國(guó)大黨對(duì)權(quán)力的爭(zhēng)奪導(dǎo)致了國(guó)家基于“兩個(gè)民族理論”被分割成兩個(gè)部分，一個(gè)擁有5000年歷史的文明就這樣被撕裂了。
巴基斯坦入侵克什米爾、中國(guó)xx阿克賽欽，使印度與這兩個(gè)國(guó)家都產(chǎn)生了領(lǐng)土爭(zhēng)端，導(dǎo)致印度共參與了五場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：與巴基斯坦的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)分別在1947年、1965年、1971年和1999年，而與中國(guó)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)則發(fā)生在1962年。
印度一次又一次地被各國(guó)拒絕提供重要援助。舉個(gè)例子，印度必須自主研發(fā)全球定位系統(tǒng)。之所以有這樣的需求，是因?yàn)樵跀硨?duì)情況下，依賴外國(guó)政府控制的全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)并不總是可靠的，就像印度軍隊(duì)在卡吉爾戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間依賴美國(guó)的GPS系統(tǒng)時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的那樣。

Movies like Slumdog Millionaire, which has been successful in stereotyping India as a nation of power hungry beggar mafias, uneducated kids, pathetic living standards, and a country of slums, wins 8 Oscars! On the other hand, Indian movies like Rang De Basanti, Taare Zameen Par, My name is Khan, Mangal Pandaey, Lagaan etc fail to impress audience abroad.
Indian software engineers are high in demand abroad because of their high efficiency and low salaries demand than the native citizens.
India has been denied the membership of the United Nations Security Council and gets vetoed every time. A permanent membership for UNSC is very important for India because India has to rely on Russia to veto any unfavorable decisions against itself. This results in India purchasing over expensive military equipment from Russia or export its own goods at a cheaper price.

像《貧民窟的百萬(wàn)富翁》這樣的電影，成功地塑造了印度這樣一個(gè)充滿權(quán)力欲望的乞丐黑幫、未受教育的孩子、悲慘的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及遍布貧民窟的國(guó)家形象，并因此贏得了8項(xiàng)奧斯卡獎(jiǎng)。然而，與此同時(shí)，一些同樣優(yōu)秀的印度電影，如《青春無(wú)敵》、《地球上的星星》、《我名叫可汗》、《勇士潘迪》和《拉嘎安》等，在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上卻未能同樣吸引觀眾的目光。
印度軟件工程師在國(guó)外的需求量很大，因?yàn)樗麄兊男矢撸べY需求比本土公民低。
印度一直未能加入聯(lián)合國(guó)安全理事會(huì)，并且每次申請(qǐng)都被否決。對(duì)印度而言，成為安理會(huì)常任理事國(guó)極為重要，因?yàn)槟壳坝《刃枰蕾嚩砹_斯來(lái)否決任何對(duì)其不利的決策。這種情況導(dǎo)致印度不得不以更高的價(jià)格從俄羅斯購(gòu)買軍事裝備，或者以更低的價(jià)格出口自己的商品。

During 1971 war, India was threatened by US. But thanks to Russian support was saved from the America's wrath. Thus it was high time for us to develop our own Nuclear weapon system. So, In 1974, India conducted its first nuclear test code named "Smiling Buddha". This came with a negative reaction from US and Canada(who supplied the raw plutonium for running nuclear reactors but India used it for its nuclear test). Thus Canada withdrew its support to India's nuclear program after the incident.
India detonated a second nuclear weapon in 1998 known. This was met with with heavy criticism from many countries like
US: Imposed heavy sanctions on India, cutting of all trade and exports except humanitarian aid. Although the effect of such sanctions on Indian economy was minimal and they were lifted after 5 years.
Cannada, Japan, other states: Imposed economic sanctions and suspended foreign aid.

在1971年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間，印度面臨美國(guó)的威脅，但依靠俄羅斯的支持，成功地避開(kāi)了美國(guó)的嚴(yán)厲反擊。因此，印度開(kāi)始發(fā)展自己的核武器系統(tǒng)。1974年，印度進(jìn)行了首次核試驗(yàn)，代號(hào)“微笑的佛陀”，但這一行動(dòng)遭到了美國(guó)和加拿大的反對(duì)，尤其是加拿大，它曾提供給印度運(yùn)行核反應(yīng)堆的原始钚，但印度卻用它進(jìn)行了核試驗(yàn)，那起事件之后，加拿大便停止了對(duì)印度核項(xiàng)目的支持。
1998年，印度進(jìn)行了第二次核試驗(yàn)，遭到包括美國(guó)在內(nèi)的許多國(guó)家的嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)。
美國(guó)對(duì)印度實(shí)施了嚴(yán)厲的制裁，切斷了除人道主義援助外的所有貿(mào)易和出口。這些制裁對(duì)印度經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響相當(dāng)有限，并在五年后被撤銷。在此期間，加拿大、日本以及其他一些國(guó)家對(duì)印度實(shí)施了經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁，并中止了對(duì)外援助。

China: Rejected India's explanation of "to counter growing Chinese threat in the region" and urged the international community to adopt a unified stand against India and stop it from developing any further nuclear weapons.
Pakistan: Pakistan saw it as a nuclear arms race and thus prioritized its nuclear program and with China's help detonated its first nuclear weapon after few weeks.

中國(guó)對(duì)印度提出的“為了對(duì)抗中國(guó)在該地區(qū)不斷增長(zhǎng)的威脅”的說(shuō)法表示反對(duì)，并呼吁國(guó)際社會(huì)團(tuán)結(jié)一致，阻止印度繼續(xù)發(fā)展核武器。
巴基斯坦則將印度的核試驗(yàn)視為核武器競(jìng)賽的一部分，因此加快了本國(guó)的核武器項(xiàng)目。在中國(guó)的協(xié)助下，巴基斯坦在幾周后成功試爆了自己的首枚核武器。

India is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non Proliferation treaty, which basically states that, “the NPT non-nuclear-weapon states agree never to acquire nuclear weapons and the NPT nuclear-weapon states in exchange agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology and to pursue nuclear disarmament aimed at the ultimate elimination of their nuclear arsenals" .

印度沒(méi)有簽署《不擴(kuò)散核武器條約》。該條約的主要內(nèi)容包括：非核武器國(guó)家承諾不獲取核武器，而核武器國(guó)家則承諾提供和平利用核技術(shù)的好處，并努力實(shí)現(xiàn)核裁軍，目標(biāo)是最終消除自己的核武器庫(kù)。

India argues that the NPT creates a club of "nuclear haves" and a larger group of "nuclear have-nots" by restricting the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them before 1967, but the treaty never explains on what ethical grounds such a distinction is valid. India's then External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee said during a visit to Tokyo in 2007: "If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its lack of commitment for non-proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty and it did not recognize the need for universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment."
India has always maintained a "nuclear no first use" policy and after repeatedly being threatened by Pakistan, changed it to "nuclear no first use again non nuclear states".

印度一貫奉行“不首先使用核武器”的原則，但在面對(duì)巴基斯坦的多次威脅后，調(diào)整了這一政策，改為“對(duì)非核武器國(guó)家不首先使用核武器”。
印度方面提出，《不擴(kuò)散核武器條約》（NPT）通過(guò)限定只有1967年前進(jìn)行核試驗(yàn)的國(guó)家才能合法擁有核武器，形成了一個(gè)“核武器國(guó)家”和“非核武器國(guó)家”的劃分，但條約本身并未闡明這種區(qū)分的道德基礎(chǔ)。2007年，時(shí)任印度外交部長(zhǎng)普拉納布·穆克吉在訪問(wèn)東京期間指出：“印度之所以未簽署《不擴(kuò)散核武器條約》（NPT），并非由于我們不支持核不擴(kuò)散原則，而是由于我們認(rèn)為該條約存在缺陷，未能實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)所有國(guó)家一視同仁的核查和平等對(duì)待?！?br /> 印度一貫奉行“不首先使用核武器”的原則，但在面對(duì)巴基斯坦的多次威脅后，調(diào)整了這一政策，改為“對(duì)非核武器國(guó)家不首先使用核武器”。

India was denied supercomputers by a US company named Cray Inc, due to an embargo imposed on India. Supercomputers were considered a double edged weapon capable of assisting in the development of nuclear weapons So, India decided to develop its own supercomputer and thus came up with the Param series of supercomputers. For the purpose of achieving self-sufficiency in the field, the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) was set up in 1988 by the then Department of Electronics with Dr. Vijay Bhatkar as its Director.The project was given an initial run of 3 years and an initial funding of ? 300,000,000, the same amount of money and time that was usually expended to purchase a supercomputer from the US.

美國(guó)克雷公司（Cray Inc）因?qū)τ《葘?shí)施禁運(yùn)而拒絕向其出售超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)。鑒于超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)在核武器研發(fā)中的潛在雙重用途，印度決定自主研發(fā)，于是誕生了Param系列超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)在超級(jí)計(jì)算領(lǐng)域的自主可控，1988年，電子部成立了高級(jí)計(jì)算發(fā)展中心（C-DAC），并任命維賈伊·巴特卡爾博士為中心主任。該項(xiàng)目一開(kāi)始獲得了3年的執(zhí)行時(shí)間和3億盧比的啟動(dòng)資金，這筆資金相當(dāng)于當(dāng)時(shí)用于從美國(guó)購(gòu)買一臺(tái)超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)的預(yù)算。

In 1990, a prototype was produced and was bench marked at the 1990 Zurich Supercomputering Show. It surpassed most other systems, placing India second after US. The final result of the effort was the PARAM 8000, which was installed in 1991. It is considered India's first supercomputer. As of 2008, 52 PARAMs have been deployed. Of these, 8 are located in Russia,Singapore, Germany and Canada, PARAMs have also been sold to Tanzania, Armenia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Ghana, Myanmar, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.

1990年，印度成功制造出一個(gè)原型機(jī)，并在同年的蘇黎世超級(jí)計(jì)算展覽會(huì)上進(jìn)行了性能測(cè)試，其性能超越了大多數(shù)系統(tǒng)，使印度在超級(jí)計(jì)算領(lǐng)域排名世界第二，僅次于美國(guó)。該項(xiàng)目的最終成果是超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)PARAM 8000，它在1991年被安裝使用，被視為印度的第一臺(tái)超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)。截至2008年，印度已經(jīng)部署了52臺(tái)Param超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)，其中8臺(tái)安裝在俄羅斯、新加坡、德國(guó)和加拿大，Param超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)還被出口到坦桑尼亞、亞美尼亞、沙特阿拉伯、新加坡、加納、緬甸、尼泊爾、哈薩克斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦和越南等國(guó)家。

Amusingly, this things even happen in Hollywood movies. Like, in 2012 (film) an Indian Astrophysicist, named Satnam Tsurutani was the one who predicted the entire event and yet no one came to his rescue and he died along with his family in the end.
There are countless examples of the atrocities of the world on India. If I keep going on, this post would never end.

有趣的是，類似的情況甚至在好萊塢電影里也會(huì)出現(xiàn)。比如，在2012年的電影《2012》里，印度天體物理學(xué)家薩特南·楚拉特尼是預(yù)測(cè)了整個(gè)災(zāi)難的人，但結(jié)果卻沒(méi)人來(lái)救他，他和他的家人最終都遇難了。
世界上對(duì)印度不公的事例數(shù)不勝數(shù)。如果我一直列舉下去，這篇帖子就真的沒(méi)完沒(méi)了了。

Abhinav Rawat
Traffic Rules
The biggest problem in India is that people do not follow traffic rules. In fact, an even bigger issue is that some people are not even aware of basic traffic rules and signs.
I started driving when I was around 21 or 22 years old, and I got my license at that age. I have mostly driven in the Delhi NCR region, where there is a lot of traffic, and people often drive recklessly. At the age of 31, I shifted to London, and I drove there for almost 2 years. In the United Kingdom, almost 95% of people follow traffic rules. Recently, I came back to Delhi for a family visit, and the first thing I noticed is the significant difference in driving between the UK and India. It's not that Indian roads lack proper signs; everything is similar to the UK, but people just don't follow them.

交通規(guī)則問(wèn)題
印度最大的問(wèn)題是人們不遵守交通規(guī)則。事實(shí)上，更令人擔(dān)憂的是，有些民眾甚至對(duì)基本的交通規(guī)則和指示標(biāo)志一無(wú)所知。
我21或22歲時(shí)開(kāi)始學(xué)車，并在那個(gè)年紀(jì)拿到了駕照。我主要在德里首都轄區(qū)開(kāi)車，那里交通流量巨大，駕駛者常常魯莽駕駛。31歲時(shí)，我移居到倫敦，并在那里開(kāi)了差不多2年的車。在英國(guó)，差不多95%的人都嚴(yán)格遵守交通規(guī)則。最近我回德里探親，立刻就感受到了英國(guó)和印度在駕駛習(xí)慣上的顯著差異。印度的道路標(biāo)志與英國(guó)相差無(wú)幾，問(wèn)題在于人們往往不遵守這些規(guī)則。

For example, I was approaching a roundabout, and the most basic rule of a roundabout is that you should give priority to those already on the roundabout. That's why there is a "give way" sign at roundabouts. This sign is in the shape of a triangle, and wherever it is present, it means you should wait for other drivers.
Recently, I was at a roundabout, waiting as per the rule, and the cars behind me honked impatiently. That's when I realized that I am in India, not the UK.

舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)我駛向一個(gè)環(huán)形交叉路口時(shí)，基本原則是讓已經(jīng)在路口內(nèi)的車輛先行，這就是為什么在環(huán)形交叉路口會(huì)設(shè)置“讓路”標(biāo)志。這個(gè)標(biāo)志呈三角形，它的出現(xiàn)意味著你需要等待其他駕駛員先行。
最近，我在環(huán)形交叉路口按照規(guī)則等待，卻被后面的車輛不耐煩地按喇叭催促。那一刻，我意識(shí)到自己已經(jīng)回到了印度。

Similarly, you must have noticed that people turning right block those going straight or turning left by coming from the left side. This is a major problem with traffic in India. If people had a little more patience, the traffic situation in India would be better.
I think the government should implement strict rules and use cameras to impose heavy fines. Only then can we see some changes in this situation. What are your thoughts on this?

同樣，你可能也注意到了，有些右轉(zhuǎn)的車輛會(huì)從左側(cè)切入，阻礙直行或左轉(zhuǎn)的車輛，這是印度交通中的一個(gè)普遍問(wèn)題。如果駕駛者們能更有耐心一些，印度的交通狀況本可以得到改善。
我認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)該制定并執(zhí)行更嚴(yán)格的交通規(guī)則，并利用攝像頭來(lái)執(zhí)行高額罰款。只有這樣，我們才能期望看到一些實(shí)質(zhì)性的改善,你對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題有何看法？

Gautam Khera
What is the biggest problem in being an Indian?
RESERVATION :
let me tell you a real life experience. I have two friends Amit and Lokesh one of them is scheduled caste and other one is general. This is at the time of our iit coaching. My SC friend used to go iit coaching and still scored 68 marks and got sexted for jee advance paper and my general friend got 125 marks who didn't went for any coaching didn't got sexted because different criteria of marks on the basis of reservation.

身為印度人，最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一是什么？答案是預(yù)留制度（Reservation）。
讓我分享一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事。我有兩個(gè)朋友，阿米特和洛凱什。阿米特來(lái)自預(yù)定種姓，而洛凱什是普通種姓。這都發(fā)生在我們參加印度理工學(xué)院（IIT）輔導(dǎo)班的時(shí)候。盡管阿米特參加了輔導(dǎo)班，他只考了68分，卻因?yàn)轭A(yù)留制度的分?jǐn)?shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而被選中參加聯(lián)合入學(xué)考試 (JEE)進(jìn)階考試。而洛凱什沒(méi)有參加任何輔導(dǎo)班，考了125分，卻因?yàn)椴皇穷A(yù)留類別而未被選中。

Now let me tell you what are their family status. My SC friend's father has their own house, they have two cars, 3 air conditioners, 2 storey house. They go out to have fun, celebrate birthdays, dinners. My general friend lives in a rented house. No car. No ACs. Only one motorcycle. They do go outside once or twice in 3-4 months. Still he got better marks and didn't get sexted just because he was general.

現(xiàn)在，讓我們看看他們的家庭背景。我那預(yù)定種姓的朋友的家庭擁有自己的房子，兩輛汽車，一棟兩層的樓房,三臺(tái)空調(diào)。他們經(jīng)常外出娛樂(lè)，慶祝生日，享受晚餐。相比之下，洛凱什的家庭住在租來(lái)的房子里，沒(méi)有汽車，沒(méi)有空調(diào)，只有一輛摩托車，三四個(gè)月才難得外出一次。盡管洛凱什成績(jī)更優(yōu)秀，卻僅僅因?yàn)樗瞧胀ǚN姓而沒(méi)有被選上。