印尼中產(chǎn)階級(jí)規(guī)模不斷縮?。核麄?yōu)楹慰嗫鄴暝?/h1>
Shrinking Indonesian Middle Class: Why Are They Struggling? | Asia's Changing Middle Class | Insight
譯文簡介
印尼中產(chǎn)階級(jí)規(guī)模不斷縮小：他們?yōu)楹慰嗫鄴暝?| 亞洲中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的變化 | 洞察
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印尼中產(chǎn)階級(jí)規(guī)模不斷縮?。核麄?yōu)楹慰嗫鄴暝?| 亞洲中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的變化 | 洞察
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The growing middle class was once considered the engine of Indonesia's leap to upper-middle income status. But 2024 revealed a startling statistic - the middle class in the world's fourth most populous nation is shrinking, even as its economy grows at a healthy 5%. Compared to 2019's numbers, over nine million Indonesians fell out of the middle class.
What lies behind this drop? Is it simply the long-tail effect of COVID-19, or have taxation, inflation and inequality changed what it means to be middle class in Indonesia? And with a new president at the helm, promising an 8% GDP growth, will the middle class be lifted by Prabowo's economic plans, or dragged down by them?
曾經(jīng)蓬勃發(fā)展的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)一度被視為印尼躍升至中高收入國家的引擎。然而2024年的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)令人震驚——這個(gè)世界第四人口大國雖然保持著5%的健康經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，其中產(chǎn)階級(jí)規(guī)模卻在萎縮。與2019年相比，已有超過900萬印尼人跌出了中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的行列。
這一現(xiàn)象背后究竟隱藏著什么？僅僅是新冠疫情的長尾效應(yīng)，還是稅收、通脹和不平等問題重新定義了印尼中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)？隨著新總統(tǒng)上任并承諾實(shí)現(xiàn)8%的GDP增長，中產(chǎn)階級(jí)會(huì)因普拉博沃的經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃而受益，還是反而會(huì)因此陷入更艱難的處境？
I watched a vid yesterday and knew that Indonesia is ranked 8th among the 10 biggest economies in the world now. But it seems the money is not fairly distributed to all people. Just like my country - Vietnam, on mainstream news we only see the positive statistic but the reality is different. Many people struggle to make ends meet. The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
我昨天看視頻才了解到印尼如今已位列全球十大經(jīng)濟(jì)體第八名，但財(cái)富顯然沒有公平分配給所有人。就像我的祖國越南一樣，主流媒體只報(bào)道光鮮的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，現(xiàn)實(shí)卻大相徑庭。許多人艱難度日，貧富差距日益擴(kuò)大。
Salam dari Munchen, Jerman, untuk pak Medy Soemarto, I hope you will be lucky in the future. Gak perlu minder, karena IPK(?) tidak tinggi, tapi keberanian, keuletan, dan bermoral tinggi, bisa mendapat sukses dimasa depan. I was like him when I was young, but struggling to live during young life is normal. I do pray for you, kang Medy!!! God Bless You.
來自德國慕尼黑的問候，致Medy Soemarto先生：祝您未來好運(yùn)，不必因?yàn)镚PA不高而自卑，勇氣、韌性和高尚品德同樣能帶來成功。我年輕時(shí)也經(jīng)歷過類似的困境，年輕時(shí)的奮斗本是人生常態(tài)。為您祈禱，Medy兄弟！愿上帝保佑您。
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The current government has the largest cabinet in Indonesia's history, mostly consisting of sycophants, election supporters, family members, and political allies, with many of them being incompetent in their respective fields. Their policies mostly benefit the elites, while their people are suffering.
本屆政府組建了印尼史上規(guī)模最大的內(nèi)閣，其中充斥著阿諛奉承者、選舉支持者、家族成員和政治盟友，許多人在各自的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)都難堪大任。他們的政策主要惠及精英階層，而普通民眾卻在受苦。
The middle class is shrinking globally. This was caused due to pandemic and government infusing money into the economic which caused financial crisis. We are facing our generation version of The great depression.
全球的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)都在萎縮，這是疫情和政府向經(jīng)濟(jì)注資引發(fā)金融危機(jī)的結(jié)果，我們正面臨屬于這一代人的"大蕭條"。
This is true situation of Indonesia right now... I've move to Japan since 2017 to seek Job since there's uncertainty back then. Yet it is still continue up until 2025. We really hope that the current president will bring better life to Indonesia,, one of the very important thing to tackle now is the corruption which is already happened in almost all sectors including down to Top institutions!!! Now I have no plans for returning ??...
這就是印尼當(dāng)下的真實(shí)狀況...我2017年就因國內(nèi)的不確定性而移居日本求職。這種情況一直持續(xù)到2025年，我們真心希望現(xiàn)任總統(tǒng)能改善印尼民眾的生活，當(dāng)前最需要解決的就是已滲透到各個(gè)領(lǐng)域甚至最高機(jī)構(gòu)的腐敗問題！??！我現(xiàn)在完全沒有回國的打算...
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It's happening all over the world in every country....
In Malaysia, the middle class is being squeezed because of inflation, stagnant wages, rising housing costs. Urbanisation has led to people being crowded in Dystopian smart cities which is causing high rates of suicides like in Japan, Singapore and South Korea.
這種現(xiàn)象正在全球各國上演...
在馬來西亞，通脹、工資停滯和住房成本上漲正在擠壓中產(chǎn)階級(jí)。城市化讓人們涌入反烏托邦式的智能城市，這導(dǎo)致自殺率居高不下，就像日本、新加坡和韓國一樣。
This is a great documentary, CNA team! Please create a similar documentary as well for the Philippines. The case for Philippines is interesting as the middle class are being heavily taxed, while the government has just given the highest budget to dole-outs for vote buying to those people who refuse to work.
精彩的紀(jì)錄片，CNA團(tuán)隊(duì)！請你們也為菲律賓制作類似的紀(jì)錄片。菲律賓的情況很有趣，中產(chǎn)階級(jí)被課以重稅，而政府卻將最高預(yù)算用于向不愿工作的人發(fā)放救濟(jì)以換取選票。
The middle class in Murica were well paid semi skilled factory workers that earned enough to buy a home, car, married with children and live comfortably, with a little to save for the rainy day. Not a lot for excessive consumption. A mortgage, car payment and perhaps hire purchase for appliances, television and some decent furniture.
美國的傳統(tǒng)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)曾是收入豐厚的半熟練的工廠工人，他們能買房買車、結(jié)婚生子、舒適生活，還能存點(diǎn)應(yīng)急錢。雖不足以過度消費(fèi)，但足以支付房貸車貸，或許還能分期購買家電、電視和體面的家具。
Dang, it's yet another look at Indonesia's middle-class life and their struggles. It reminds me that it's the same in Thailand and, in fact, all over Southeast Asia. The middle class is getting poorer every year.
唉，這又是一次對印尼中產(chǎn)階級(jí)生活困境的觀察，這讓我想到泰國乃至整個(gè)東南亞地區(qū)都是如此，中產(chǎn)階級(jí)正變得越來越窮。
This all happened because of many reasons: first, the pandemic; then, government policies; and of course, the civilians. As an Indonesian, I have given my country the nickname 'the country with the least integrity.' There is a lot of corruption in Indonesia, and the law takes the side of the elites and their community instead of the public. But civilians are actually the same too, some people like to extort money.
造成這種情況的原因有很多：首先是疫情，其次是政府的政策，當(dāng)然還有民眾自身。作為印尼人，我給自己的國家起了個(gè)綽號(hào)叫"最缺乏誠信的國家"。印尼腐敗猖獗，法律總是偏袒精英階層而非公眾。但普通民眾也好不到哪去，有些人就喜歡敲詐勒索。
CNA please get your stock footages up-to-date, we haven't seen those busses at 6:01 in years. Kopaja busses are pretty much 1:1 with TransJakarta busses now, they're clean and air conditioned.
CNA請更新你們的素材庫，6分01秒出現(xiàn)的那些公交車早就淘汰了，現(xiàn)在的Kopaja公交車已經(jīng)和TransJakarta公交車一樣既干凈又有空調(diào)了。
Indonesian has no future vision. Everyone just look for short term gain. Corruption. Pump and Dump.
Lack of development, trend follower even the market leaders in industries are not a national trend setter anymore.
印尼人缺乏長遠(yuǎn)眼光，人人都只顧眼前的利益，腐敗盛行，投機(jī)取巧，發(fā)展滯后，就連行業(yè)領(lǐng)軍企業(yè)也不再引領(lǐng)國家潮流，只會(huì)跟風(fēng)。
Middle class like me & my family have been frugal with our weekly & daily spendings...cutting down on unnecessary buyings...eating out lesser...Inflation can be seen rising very scary after covid19 pandemic!!
but i save aside for yearly getaway & chillout with my family.
像我這樣的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭已經(jīng)開始精打細(xì)算...減少不必要的開支...少下館子了...后疫情時(shí)代的通脹速度簡直可怕??！不過我還是會(huì)存錢每年和家人一起度假放松。
in indonesia anyone who earns more than 20.000 rupiahs / day or 1.21 could be considered as middle class
but when it comes to Internation Standard you should earn atleast 2.15 $ USD a day to not fall into poverty group so when using international standard the number of people live below poverty skyrocketted
在印尼，日收入超過2萬印尼盾(約1.21美元)就算中產(chǎn)階級(jí)。但按國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，日收入至少要2.15美元才不算貧困人口。所以用國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量，印尼的貧困人口數(shù)量就暴增了。
middle class size growth is another indicator of local economy besides gdp. when gdp increases but with shrinking middle class, bad times are not far away. this trend is common in most countries now.
中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的規(guī)模是除GDP外的另一個(gè)重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)。當(dāng)GDP增長但中產(chǎn)階級(jí)萎縮時(shí)，好日子就到頭了，如今這個(gè)趨勢在多數(shù)國家都很普遍。
Indonesia leaders don't focus much on spurring manufacturing... current leadership focused too much on non-essential things, like military stuffs. The country"s enemy is internal poverty, not so much about external threat.
印尼領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人不太重視制造業(yè)的發(fā)展...現(xiàn)任政府過于關(guān)注軍事等非必要的事務(wù)。這個(gè)國家真正的敵人是內(nèi)部貧困，而非外部威脅。
If left unchecked, in 10 years, economic disparity may worsen, and the living standards of Indonesians could regress by several decades. It's disheartening that despite its natural wealth and demographic surplus, Indonesia is instead experiencing a decline.
若不加以控制，十年內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)差距會(huì)進(jìn)一步惡化，印尼人的生活水平可能倒退幾十年。令人沮喪的是盡管擁有豐富的自然資源和人口紅利，印尼卻在走下坡路。
You mean Singapore middle class not struggling?
Please make programs of your people's suffering across different income groups.
One tik toker was screaming insults and called Singapore a premium prison.
難道新加坡的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)就沒有困境嗎？
請制作反映各收入階層民眾疾苦的節(jié)目。
有個(gè)TikTok博主曾怒斥新加坡是"高級(jí)監(jiān)獄"。
Hey can instead of using subtitles please use voice translator because I can't focus on twice at once when I sees subtitles I can't see the pictures and when I see video can't see subtitles it's only one thing to improve otherwise I watch daily this channel and it's worth it thank you
建議使用語音翻譯替代字幕，因?yàn)槲覠o法同時(shí)關(guān)注畫面和字幕?？醋帜粫r(shí)就看不到畫面，看畫面時(shí)又看不到字幕。這是唯一需要改進(jìn)的地方，我每天都看這個(gè)頻道，內(nèi)容很棒，謝謝。
My partner is a local. They work so SO SO much to make ends meet. Every single day, no off days. No help, no handouts. They also are usually supporting their parents. But they never complain and always smiling. I have so much respect for them. The struggle is real.
我的伴侶是本地人。為了維持生計(jì)，他們工作非常非常辛苦。每天如此，沒有休息日。沒有援助，沒有救濟(jì)。通常還要贍養(yǎng)父母。但他們從不抱怨，總是面帶微笑。我非常敬佩他們，生活確實(shí)不易。
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"Unlike the poor, the middle class in Indonesia do not get social support." As a Filipino, this statement resonates deeply. Middle Class are highly tax yet they don't get any financial support from the Government.
"與窮人不同，印尼的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)得不到任何社會(huì)支持。"作為菲律賓人，這句話讓我深有共鳴。中產(chǎn)階級(jí)繳納高額的稅款，卻得不到政府的任何財(cái)政支持。
As part of the group (Middle class Indonesian) i felt it getting harder. Post covid-19, inflation went up and many goods prices rising averagely around 50% in the last 5 years.
The main factor in grass root were struggling to find job therefore the buying force are declining.
Government failed to create job even though creating "UU Cipta Kerja" or Job creation laws. I think the regulation mostly helps owner business or conglomerate compared to labor or employee.
Start 2025 inflation hit lowest in the past 20 years. It getting hard for Indonesian middle class. We need to fight together.
作為印尼中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的一員，我感覺生活越來越艱難。后疫情時(shí)代，通脹加劇，過去五年許多商品的價(jià)格上漲了約50%。
底層民眾找工作困難導(dǎo)致購買力下降是主要的原因。
盡管出臺(tái)了《就業(yè)創(chuàng)造法》，但政府未能創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，我認(rèn)為這些法規(guī)更多是幫助企業(yè)家和財(cái)團(tuán)而非普通的勞動(dòng)者。
2025年初通脹率創(chuàng)20年新低，印尼的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)處境艱難，我們需要共同抗?fàn)帯?/b>
As a result of parents carelessly having children without educating them or passing down skills...
Every year, 5 million babies are born. 4 million graduates are ready to work but left confused, plus the previous generations who are also a burden.
由于父母不負(fù)責(zé)任地生育卻不教育或傳授技能...
印尼每年有500萬新生兒，400萬畢業(yè)生準(zhǔn)備就業(yè)卻茫然無措，再加上前幾代人也是負(fù)擔(dān)。
There is 1 thing I noticed about CNA watching it as a foreigner from North-east Asia for 2 years - this channel loves to highlight the broadr socio-economic problems of other Asian countries yet..... Not so much about the problems in Singapore? In Korea, news channels focuses more on domestic problems than problems of other countries.
作為來自東北亞的外國觀眾，我注意到CNA的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)：這個(gè)頻道熱衷于報(bào)道其他亞洲國家的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，卻很少關(guān)注新加坡本土的問題？在韓國，新聞?lì)l道更關(guān)注國內(nèi)問題而非他國問題。
Honestly, I don't have any confidence in the new government what with the extra fat cabinet and the militaristic tendency. Golden Indonesia is just a meaningless slogan. Dark Indonesia seems to becoming more real as days go by.
老實(shí)說，我對臃腫的內(nèi)閣和軍事化傾向的新政府毫無信心。"黃金印尼"只是個(gè)空洞的口號(hào)。"黑暗印尼"似乎正日益成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。
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Yes, the government has its share of responsibility, but we must also reflect on the financial habits within Indonesia's middle class.
Take these examples in the video:
A ride-hailing driver who chose to buy a brand-new motorcycle when a reliable secondhand one could've cost half as much.
Someone who splurges on international travel yet struggles to maintain sufficient savings.
A person without a stable income who dines at an upscale cafe, with a high-end laptop.
These choices add up. Before pointing fingers at external factors, it's important for us, as Indonesia's middle class, to reflect on our own financial priorities and decisions.
政府固然有責(zé)任，但印尼的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的消費(fèi)習(xí)慣也值得反思。
比如視頻中的例子：
網(wǎng)約車司機(jī)本可以買輛可靠的二手車省下一半的錢，卻選擇購買全新的摩托車。
有人豪擲千金出國旅游，卻連基本的儲(chǔ)蓄都難以維持。
收入不穩(wěn)定的人在高檔咖啡館用著高端筆記本。
這些消費(fèi)選擇累積起來影響很大。在指責(zé)外部因素前，我們印尼的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)也該反思自己的財(cái)務(wù)優(yōu)先級(jí)和決策。
This is why Southeast Asia is nicknamed the 'rice balkans'. Almost every country there (except for maybe Singapore) has a corruption problem, incompetent political dynasties ruling for decades and of course unhealthy dose of nationalism. Indonesia just like many of its neighbors are now facing make or break situations until people elect competent technocrats to lead them.
這就是東南亞被稱為"稻米巴爾干"的原因，幾乎每個(gè)國家(也許除了新加坡)都存在腐敗問題、無能的世襲政治家族統(tǒng)治以及過度的民族主義。印尼和許多鄰國一樣，正處于生死存亡的關(guān)頭，除非民眾能選出有能力的技術(shù)官僚來領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
Hi, Indonesian is here.
Like some stories in the video, I also stop spending for non-primary needs.
By next week, there is EID Al Fitri celebration, usually I will spend almost 3 Millions IDR for sending hampers to all relatives. This year, I and my husband decided to not do it. We kept our money due to unstable situtation. Hope everything is getting better.
我是印尼人。
和視頻里的一些故事一樣，我也不再購買非必需品。
下周就是開齋節(jié)了，往年我都會(huì)花近300萬印尼盾給所有親戚送節(jié)日禮籃。今年我和丈夫決定取消這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)。由于形勢不穩(wěn)，我們要把錢存起來。希望一切能好轉(zhuǎn)。
This is one aspect that always puzzles me, that how the government agency categorized the aspiring middle class or even the middle class while you have big companies that keep lobbying against the raise of UMR's (regional minimum wages)
有件事一直讓我困惑：在大公司不斷游說反對提高地區(qū)最低工資(UMR)的同時(shí)，政府機(jī)構(gòu)是如何界定中產(chǎn)階級(jí)或準(zhǔn)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的？
A salary of USD 254 per month is considered a lower-income earnings in Malaysia, not a middle-class income. I feel sympathetic... it should be classified as the lower class, while those who are truly wealthy should be considered the middle class.
月薪254美元在馬來西亞屬于低收入，根本達(dá)不到中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。真令人同情...這應(yīng)該被歸為底層階級(jí)，而那些真正富裕的人才算中產(chǎn)階級(jí)。
indonesia has a great solution to make a good data, why take the hard way to increase wellbeing and quality of people if we can just survey them with a lower standard to get a "good amount" of great data
印尼在數(shù)據(jù)美化方面很有一套，既然降低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做調(diào)查就能獲得"漂亮"的數(shù)據(jù)，何必費(fèi)勁去真正提升民眾福祉和生活質(zhì)量呢？
I'm always sad to see people in Indonesia struggling, I hear it from so many people, lost jobs, lack of jobs, corruption, unproductive work culture, environmenalt pollution, so many people I talk to have high blood pressure??
看到印尼民眾生活艱難總是讓我難過。我聽很多人說起失業(yè)、工作機(jī)會(huì)少、腐敗、低效的工作文化、環(huán)境污染...我認(rèn)識(shí)的很多人都患有高血壓。
Economic down turn is one thing .... Another main reason why middle class is so fragile because less financial literation. Most of them do not have knowledge how to manage their income. They just spend and spend ....
經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退是一回事...中產(chǎn)階級(jí)如此脆弱的另一個(gè)主因是缺乏理財(cái)知識(shí)。大多數(shù)人不知道如何管理收入，只會(huì)不停地花錢...
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You can root every social problems cause in the goverment. they are still stuck in the old days as everyone advances and not only that, they are also not the most capable , hungry for power , and corruption is going crazy here. I really do hope that our goverment will be better soon.
所有社會(huì)問題根源都在政府。當(dāng)其他國家都在進(jìn)步時(shí)，他們還停留在過去。不僅如此，他們能力不足、貪戀權(quán)力，腐敗現(xiàn)象猖獗。我真心希望我們的政府能盡快改善。
Worldwide the middle class are unable to cope with the extensive "costs" to exist in these modern cities or municipalities. It seems that a return to Agricultural or Animal Husbandry projects may provide the "big income" every one needs aside from the cheap cost of living "price tag" rural living can provide. Government should give a contract to buy to everyone willing to relocate in the country side.
全球中產(chǎn)階級(jí)都難以負(fù)擔(dān)現(xiàn)代城市的生存"成本"，回歸農(nóng)業(yè)或畜牧業(yè)或許能提供人們所需的"高收入"，同時(shí)農(nóng)村的生活成本也更低。政府應(yīng)該為愿意遷往農(nóng)村的人提供收購合同。
I think this all happening in SEA. Even in Philippines its getting harder to have stable life even if youre in the middle class.
My family is in the average middle class, but we somehow we felt the impact of pandemic
我認(rèn)為整個(gè)東南亞都是如此。即使在菲律賓，中產(chǎn)階級(jí)想過上穩(wěn)定的生活也越來越難。
我家屬于普通中產(chǎn)，但也深刻感受到了疫情的影響。
Indonesia government put a lot of tax. Value added taxes, motorized vehicle tax, income tax, other like BPJS, Tapera. and then government official use these tax money to enrich themself and their families making government need to add more tax to the people to cover the deficit in their budget. DPR (Dewan perwakilan rakyat) are elected government official that should have represent the will of its people, the will of Indonesia citizen. Right now the Indonesian citizen have been demanding government to punish corruptor severely to take back their asset and their beneficiary asset, but why isn't it done?? instead they push for RUU TNI to make government more authoritan. Is DPR representing Indonesian people or the will of someone else?
印尼政府征收重稅：增值稅、機(jī)動(dòng)車稅、所得稅，還有BPJS、Tapera等。然后官員用稅款中飽私囊，導(dǎo)致政府不得不加稅填補(bǔ)赤字。國會(huì)(人民代表會(huì)議)本應(yīng)代表人民意志，現(xiàn)在民眾強(qiáng)烈要求嚴(yán)懲腐敗分子并追回贓款，為何不執(zhí)行？反而推動(dòng)《國軍法案》讓政府更專制。國會(huì)到底代表印尼人民還是某些人的意志？
In Indonesia the USD340 family income is considered secondary, while in Malaysia enter the poor category. It is strange that prices of Malaysian essential goods such as petrol, rice, public transport fares are cheaper than the higher cost of living in Indonesia.
在印尼，月收入340美元的家庭算中等收入，在馬來西亞卻屬于貧困。奇怪的是馬來西亞的汽油、大米、公交費(fèi)等必需品的價(jià)格比物價(jià)更高的印尼還便宜。
Middle class relies mainly on the host countries economic policies. Indonesia still lucky that you've had subsidies than your neighboring countries. In the Philippines we have been taxed on medicine, toll roads, heavily taxed on processed foods 12 percent with no subsidized to basic services, and yet our politicians afford to have confidential funds and other luxury benefits from the coffer of the government.
中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的處境主要取決于國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。印尼還算幸運(yùn)，至少比鄰國享有更多補(bǔ)貼。在菲律賓，藥品、高速公路都要征稅，加工食品稅高達(dá)12%，基本服務(wù)沒有補(bǔ)貼，而政客們卻能從國庫中獲取機(jī)密資金和其他奢侈的福利。
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It's a global phenomenon, but in the case of Indonesia it is aggravated by official incompetence, corruption and general low levels of education among the population. Countries don't make a leap to high income but simply doing more of the same thing. They do so by doing things better, more efficiently and competently. Is Indonesia ready to make that leap? No. Maybe in several decades of hard work, but certainly not in the foreseeable future or even our lifetime. The country is a chronic underachiever.
這是全球現(xiàn)象，但在印尼，官員無能、腐敗和民眾教育水平低下加劇了問題。國家要實(shí)現(xiàn)高收入不能靠重復(fù)老路，而要靠更高效、更有能力的治理。印尼準(zhǔn)備好飛躍了嗎？沒有。也許經(jīng)過幾十年努力可以，但在可預(yù)見的未來甚至我們有生之年都不可能。這個(gè)國家的長期表現(xiàn)不佳。
Textiles industries have moved to Bangladesh mostly, it is now second most textile exporter after China who shares shrank from world's 60% from 5 years ago to 40% last year all those factories from China have moved to Bangladesh and Vietnam. And Indonesia also lost because companies need to consolidate orders for economies of scale.
紡織業(yè)大多已遷往孟加拉國，該國現(xiàn)已成為僅次于中國的第二大紡織品出口國。中國的全球份額從五年前的60%降至去年的40%，工廠都遷到了孟加拉國和越南。由于企業(yè)需要整合訂單實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，印尼也失去了機(jī)會(huì)。
(1) corruption at all level.
(2) Govt keep a high taxation for the public and low taxes for the rich
(3) High unemployment among the young population dan rate of retrenchment and uncertainty of govt (failed) policies confounded the situation further !
(1) 各級(jí)腐敗
(2) 政府對公眾課以重稅，對富人卻征收輕稅
(3) 年輕人的高失業(yè)率、裁員潮和政府(失敗)政策的不確定性使情況雪上加霜！