美知乎提問：為什么中國在培養(yǎng)頂尖工程師方面如此成功，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)決策在其中發(fā)揮了什么作用？
Why is China so successful in producing top engineers, and what role did leadership decisions play in this achievement?
譯文簡介
美知乎討論中國在培養(yǎng)頂尖工程師方面如此成功的原因...
正文翻譯
評(píng)論翻譯
很贊 ( 18 )
收藏
Highly value education.
In my view, China lags in many areas, but education is quite impressive.
First, there’s universal emphasis—from the government to grassroots to families. This is likely an East Asian tradition; as far as I know, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore also prioritize education intensely.
Over forty years ago, my hometown was extremely poor and backward, but parents, even if struggling, would usually support their kids’ schooling.
There were exceptions. I had a classmate who, unable to afford textbooks due to family poverty, chose suicide—a rare tragedy. These days, that’s unimaginable.
Take my family: though poor, I was never denied money for workbooks or study materials.
高度重視教育。
在我看來，中國在很多方面都落后，但教育卻令人印象深刻。
首先，從政府到基層再到家庭，普遍重視教育。這很可能是東亞的傳統(tǒng)；據(jù)我所知，日本、韓國和新加坡也非常重視教育。
四十多年前，我的家鄉(xiāng)極其貧窮落后，但即使生活拮據(jù)，家長們通常也會(huì)支持孩子上學(xué)。
也有例外。我有個(gè)同學(xué)因?yàn)榧彝ヘ毨зI不起課本而選擇了自殺——這可是個(gè)罕見的悲劇。如今，這簡直難以想象。
就拿我的家庭來說吧：雖然家境貧困，但我從未被拒絕過被給予買作業(yè)本或?qū)W習(xí)資料的錢。
So, a 400-page workbook costing less than 2 yuan (0.28$ 200 fen) was a good value.
Later, reading Zweig’s Chess Story, I laughed at Dr. B’s imagined books—thin paper, tiny font, densely packed text. It reminded me of my workbook sextion criteria.
This was the societal ethos.
In the 1990s, during China’s painful economic transition, public safety was poor. I recall a darkly humorous slogan: “Robbing police cars is illegal and criminal!”
One year, traveling 200 km home, I was extorted four times. (By the way, today’s China is likely one of the safest countries; such incidents haven’t been heard of in years.)
Even petty criminals extorting money respected students. I remember flashing my student ID, and one guy exclaimed, “Bro! this is a student from XX University! let the gentleman go!”
我買練習(xí)冊(cè)的原則是：如果頁數(shù)（1張=2頁）超過以“分”（1元的1/100）計(jì)的價(jià)格數(shù)字，就算劃算了。
所以，一本400頁的練習(xí)冊(cè)，不到2元（0.28美元=200分）就很劃算了。
后來，讀茨威格的《象棋的故事》，我被B博士想象中的練習(xí)冊(cè)逗笑了——紙張薄，字體小，內(nèi)容密密麻麻。這讓我想起了我當(dāng)時(shí)選擇練習(xí)冊(cè)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
這就是當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)風(fēng)氣。
20世紀(jì)90年代，中國正處于痛苦的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期，社會(huì)治安狀況很差。我還記得一句黑色幽默的口號(hào)：“搶警車違法犯罪！”
有一年，我回家的路有200公里，一路上卻被敲詐了四次。 （順便說一句，如今的中國可能是最安全的國家之一了，這類事件已經(jīng)好多年沒聽說過了。）
就連敲詐勒索錢財(cái)?shù)牧髅ヒ沧鹬貙W(xué)生。我記得當(dāng)時(shí)我亮出了學(xué)生證，一個(gè)家伙驚呼：“兄弟！這是XX大學(xué)的學(xué)生！放人！”
This has deep historical roots.
Even during the warlord chaos of the Republic era, when people struggled to survive, a warlord issued an order: “In my territory, if a county government building is better than the local school, the county head will be shot on the spot!”
（The person in the photo is the warlord who placed great importance on education. His family included 3 army commanders, 8 brigade commanders, and 15 regiment commanders.）
(Twenty years ago, visiting my wife’s hometown, I noticed the shabbiest building was the county government office, while the newest, best one was the school. I joked, “It’s not the Republic anymore; the county head doesn’t need to be so embarrassed.”)
The government also places great importance on education. Slogans like these can be seen everywhere: “It takes ten years to grow trees, but a hundred years to nurture people” and “No hardship should befall our children; no poverty should hinder education.”
在國家層面，這一點(diǎn)更加明顯。
這有著深厚的歷史淵源。
即使在民國軍閥混戰(zhàn)、民不聊生的年代，軍閥也曾下令：“在我地盤上，如果縣衙蓋得比學(xué)校好，縣長就會(huì)被當(dāng)場槍斃！”
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.mintwatchbillionaireclub.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
（照片中的人就是那位非常重視教育的軍閥，他麾下有3個(gè)軍長、8個(gè)旅長、15個(gè)團(tuán)長。）
（20年前回老婆老家，發(fā)現(xiàn)最破舊的是縣政府大樓，最新最好的是學(xué)校。我開玩笑說：“現(xiàn)在不是民國了，縣長不用這么丟臉了?！保?br /> 政府也非常重視教育。 “十年樹木，百年樹人”、“再苦不能苦孩子，再窮不能窮教育”等口號(hào)隨處可見。
Still, it’s relatively fair.
About 20 years ago, a friend teaching at Beijing’s top high school, along with colleagues, would spend vacations supporting education in poor areas. Some also donated to local students.
Another acquaintance, a graduate of Shanghai’s best university, volunteered to teach in the poorest regions. Tragically, he died falling off a cliff while buying supplies in the county town. Sigh,Rest in peace.
The mountain, a hundred and fifty paces away, flickers in and out of sight,
and finally vanishes, its blackened green fading away.
The river, six kilometers off, flings its bright waves of sound toward us.
The world is only three hundred meters high and thirty steps wide,
squeezed from all sides by the rain.
Two brown mules, glistening all over, return from beyond the world in a daze.
然而，中國的教育資源分配不均。北京、上海等大城市的教育條件遠(yuǎn)比山區(qū)或貧困地區(qū)優(yōu)越的多。
不過，相對(duì)來說還算公平。
大約20年前，一位在北京頂尖高中任教的朋友，會(huì)和同事們利用假期去貧困地區(qū)支教，有些人還為當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)生捐款。
另一位朋友，畢業(yè)于上海最好的大學(xué)，志愿去最貧困的地區(qū)支教。不幸的是，他在去縣城采購物資時(shí)墜崖身亡。唉，安息吧。
“一百五十步外的山峰忽隱忽現(xiàn)，
最終消失不見，墨綠色漸漸消逝。
六公里外的河流，向我們投來清脆的波濤。
世界只有三百米高，三十步寬，
被雨水從四面八方擠壓著。
兩頭棕色的騾子，渾身閃閃發(fā)光，恍如從世外歸來?！?/b>
Those were times of scarcity. Today, conditions are much better.
If you want to study, it’s essentially free to some extent.
Especially if you’re a good student.
In some poor areas, where parents prefer kids to do chores instead of studying, the government offers free meals or even money to convince parents to let kids attend school.
For example, if you’re admitted to a top school like Tsinghua but penniless, write to the school, and a counselor will come with a train ticket to pick you up.
Or crowdfund online, and kind people will help.
I admit China’s exams are brutal, but they’re generally fair.
這是他寫的一首詩。我不太懂詩，但我覺得這首詩寫得很現(xiàn)實(shí)，描述了他如何用騾子沿著懸崖小道馱著孩子們需要的書?！叭倜赘摺笔侵笐已滦〉赖母叨?，“三十步寬”是指每一段蜿蜒小道的長度嗎？
那是一個(gè)物資匱乏的時(shí)代。如今，情況要好得多。
如果你想學(xué)習(xí)，在某種程度上基本上是免費(fèi)的。
尤其是如果你是個(gè)好學(xué)生。
在一些貧困地區(qū)，家長更希望孩子在家做家務(wù)而不是去學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)，因此政府會(huì)提供免費(fèi)餐食，甚至提供補(bǔ)助來說服家長讓孩子上學(xué)。
例如，如果你被清華這樣的名校錄取，但身無分文，可以給學(xué)校寫信，輔導(dǎo)員會(huì)帶著火車票來接你。
或者在網(wǎng)上眾籌，好心人會(huì)伸出援手。
我承認(rèn)中國的考試很殘酷，但總體來說還算公平。
When I was in school, everyone knew the saying: “Master math, physics, and chemistry, and you’ll fear nothing anywhere.”
The brightest youths mostly pursued STEM; studying humanities was often a fallback, admitting you couldn’t handle tougher competition.
Even today, “humanities student” carries a slight derogatory connotation.
This is natural. China’s painful history from 1840 to 1949 prompted national reflection: Where did we fall short compared to foreigners?
A key factor: we didn’t understand science—physics, engineering, how to build guns or warships.
This drove China’s obsession with STEM to a fanatical degree. A national psyche fueled by anger: “You bullied us because you had Maxim guns and warships. Fine, we’ll build ten times more, better military machines…”
Obviously, poets or lawyers contribute little to building guns or warships. STEM is the critical factor, largely fueling China’s STEM mania.
此外，中國非常重視STEM學(xué)科。
我上學(xué)的時(shí)候，大家都知道這樣一句話：“學(xué)好數(shù)理化，走遍天下都不怕?！?br /> 最聰明的年輕人大多選擇STEM專業(yè)；學(xué)習(xí)人文學(xué)科往往是退而求其次的選擇，這是承認(rèn)自己無法應(yīng)對(duì)更激烈的競爭。
即使在今天，“文科生”一詞也略帶貶義。
這很正常。中國從1840年到1949年的痛苦歷史促使全國人民反思：我們與外國人相比，究竟哪里不足？
一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素是：我們不懂科學(xué)——物理、工程，不懂如何制造槍炮或軍艦。
這使得中國對(duì)STEM的癡迷達(dá)到了狂熱的程度。一種被憤怒所驅(qū)動(dòng)的民族心理：“你們欺負(fù)我們，因?yàn)槟銈冇旭R克沁機(jī)槍和軍艦。好吧，我們要造出比你們多十倍、更好的軍事機(jī)器……”
顯然，詩人或律師對(duì)槍炮或軍艦的制造貢獻(xiàn)甚微，STEM 學(xué)科才是是關(guān)鍵因素，這在很大程度上推動(dòng)了中國的 STEM 熱潮。
As a Canadian, I find this perspective very interesting.
A great deal of the decline in the US appears to be the result of a lack of respect for, and even interest in, education. Many people, especially politically conservative people, are actually proud of being ignorant.
It isn’t as bad in Canada, but people here still don’t take learning as seriously as they should.
I will mention that I have Chinese made solar cells on my roof. They are well made and were inexpensive. They provide about half the electricity my family uses.
作為加拿大人，我覺得這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)很有意思。
美國教育水平的下降很大程度上似乎是由于對(duì)教育缺乏尊重，甚至缺乏興趣。許多人，尤其是政治保守派，實(shí)際上以無知為榮。
加拿大的情況沒那么糟糕，但這里的人仍然沒有像他們應(yīng)該的那樣認(rèn)真對(duì)待學(xué)習(xí)。
我要說的是，我家屋頂上裝的是中國產(chǎn)的太陽能電池。它們做工精良，價(jià)格低廉。它們提供了我家大約一半的用電量。
Well, liberals no longer study STEM either. They can’t even identify what a woman is anymore. How is it possible to lose a technology even our ancients had?
This is probably why they are angry they now need to pay back the government loans for their worthless college degrees.
好吧，自由主義者也不再學(xué)習(xí)STEM學(xué)科了。他們甚至都無法辨別女性是什么了。連我們古人都擁有的技術(shù)，怎么可以丟掉呢？
這大概就是為什么他們現(xiàn)在還要償還政府貸款來換取他們那毫無價(jià)值的大學(xué)學(xué)位，人們?yōu)榇烁械綉嵟?/b>
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.mintwatchbillionaireclub.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
The US is in a very fascinating position right now, as if it is emerging as a Revenge of the Dullards kind of era. Electing trump is probably the pinnacle of this proud victory of stupidity over reason. It is staggeringly stupid, and you have to wonder if all the reasonable people have turned coward and gone into hiding
It never used to be this way here. Strange, strange times….
美國現(xiàn)在正處于一個(gè)非常令人迷惑的境地，仿佛正在步入一個(gè)“蠢貨式復(fù)仇”的時(shí)代。特朗普當(dāng)選或許是這場愚蠢戰(zhàn)勝理性的驕傲勝利的巔峰。這愚蠢至極，你不禁會(huì)想，是不是所有理性的人都變得懦弱，躲了起來。這里以前從未如此。真是個(gè)奇怪的時(shí)代……
I wasn’t so sure when I was young. Watching Holly Wood’s movies about athletic students bullying anyone that do well in schools, calling them nerds. Even women or teeny girls avoid and discriminate them. I wasn’t even sure if that was real. I can only assume its theatrics for entertainment and storytelling.
That was and is the Hollywood portrayed people that value studies. Something I can never understand. Is it a cultural thing?
我年輕時(shí)并不確定?？粗萌R塢電影里那些體育生欺負(fù)在學(xué)校里成績表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異的人，稱他們?yōu)闀糇?。甚至女性或小女孩也?huì)避開并歧視他們。我甚至不確定這是否是真的。我只能假設(shè)這是為了娛樂和講故事而進(jìn)行的戲劇化表演。
好萊塢塑造的那些重視學(xué)習(xí)的人的形象就是這樣的。這是我永遠(yuǎn)無法理解的事情。這是文化問題嗎？
Yes, in many North American schools that kind of thing does happen to some extent. Not exactly like in the movies, but like that.
People who study hard and value learning are not as well respected in North American culture as compared to Europe or Asia.
是的，在許多北美學(xué)校，這種情況在一定程度上確實(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生。不完全像電影里那樣，但就和那樣差不多。
在北美文化中，勤奮好學(xué)的人并不像在歐洲或亞洲那樣受到尊重。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.mintwatchbillionaireclub.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
In some poor areas, where parents prefer kids to do chores instead of studying, the government offers free meals or even money to convince parents to let kids attend school.
This process require a lot of effort and patience to bring result. People in those area often don't want to change their lifestyle or familiar with the “grey” business so the education seem not interesting for them.
In Vietnam, on the border area where population mostly consists of minority ethnic groups, the border guard have to come to every single home in each tribe to convince the parents to let their kids go to school. However, some parents just faked agree to receive the welfare then later force their kids to go to work and the whole process get repeated again. The government can't put too much pressure on them because it can make them get pulled over by the criminal into illegal business like growing opium or human trafficking. This concern is not baseless because it is exactly what they were done for living for many years until the com...st government come to power.
“在一些貧困地區(qū)，父母更愿意讓孩子在家做家務(wù)而不是去學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)，政府會(huì)提供免費(fèi)餐食甚至用補(bǔ)助來勸說父母讓孩子上學(xué)。”
這個(gè)過程需要大量的努力和耐心才能取得成果。那些地區(qū)的人們往往不想改變他們的生活方式，或者對(duì)從事“灰色”行業(yè)習(xí)以為常，所以對(duì)他們來說教育似乎并不有趣。
在越南，邊境地區(qū)人口大多是少數(shù)民族，邊防人員不得不走進(jìn)每個(gè)部落中的每一戶人家，說服父母讓他們的孩子去上學(xué)。然而，一些父母只是假裝同意以領(lǐng)取福利，然后又強(qiáng)迫他們的孩子去工作，整個(gè)過程會(huì)反復(fù)上演。政府不能對(duì)他們施加太大壓力，因?yàn)檫@可能會(huì)讓他們被犯罪分子引誘從事鴉片種植或人口販賣等非法生意。這種擔(dān)憂并非空穴來風(fēng)，因?yàn)樗麄冋菫榱酥\生而這樣做已經(jīng)很多年了，直到GCZY政府掌權(quán)。
而且，在與中國接壤的柬埔寨南部邊境，那里大多是京族越南人居住。這個(gè)地區(qū)的一些人沉迷于賭博和迷信，他們是能想象到的最糟糕的父母。他們把家里的錢帶到柬埔寨的賭場，或者進(jìn)行無意義的宗教儀式，同時(shí)強(qiáng)迫他們的孩子去工作養(yǎng)家。如果他們?cè)谫€場輸了很多錢或者無法償還債務(wù)，他們會(huì)試圖帶著家人逃到遙遠(yuǎn)的地方，然后再回去繼續(xù)他們的舊愛好。當(dāng)?shù)氐木旌瓦叿啦筷?duì)總是很忙，以確保他們不會(huì)影響孩子們?nèi)プ鲆恍┫駷檫吘沉硪粋?cè)的犯罪集團(tuán)工作或自己成為罪犯的事情。但說實(shí)話，當(dāng)人們可以去走私，冒著幾年牢獄之災(zāi)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，卻可以獲得比普通人一生工資高很多倍的利潤時(shí)，很難說服他們專注于教育。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.mintwatchbillionaireclub.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
In 1982 near the Wudang Mountain I saw peasant children walking to school in the pouring rain.
1982 年，在武當(dāng)山附近，我看見農(nóng)民的孩子們冒著傾盆大雨走向?qū)W校。
The land of opportunity... in education! China's emphasis on education is truly commendable. Who needs personal freedom when you can have a good education?
In India, meanwhile, people are still trying to figure out how to get their kids to school without them getting into a fight over a pencil.
China's education system: where exams are brutal, but fairness is key. No bribery, no nepotism – just pure, unadulterated meritocracy. (Unlike some countries where "connections" are everything.)
The STEM obsession: because who needs poets and lawyers when you can build guns and warships? China's focus on science and technology is what sets it apart from... well, everyone else.
機(jī)遇之地…在教育！中國對(duì)教育的重視確實(shí)值得稱贊。當(dāng)你可以擁有良好的教育時(shí)，誰還需要個(gè)人自由？
在印度，人們?nèi)栽谂ο朕k法讓孩子們上學(xué)，且不會(huì)因?yàn)橐恢сU筆而爭吵。
中國的教育體系：考試雖然殘酷，但公平是關(guān)鍵。沒有賄賂，沒有裙帶關(guān)系——純粹、未經(jīng)污染的精英主義。（與一些國家不同，在那里“關(guān)系”才是關(guān)鍵。）
對(duì)STEM的癡迷：既然能造槍造艦，誰還需要詩人和律師？中國對(duì)科技的重視，正是它與……嗯，其他國家的區(qū)別所在。
China's warlords: where prioritizing education is key to success. Who knew that building schools was more important than building armies?
The poem about carrying books along a cliffside trail: because what's a little danger when it comes to education?
China's education system: where fairness and meritocracy reign supreme. Who needs democracy when you have a good education?
美國？它的一切都是關(guān)于“另類事實(shí)”和“假新聞”——這根本不是強(qiáng)大教育體系的基礎(chǔ)。
中國的軍閥：將教育認(rèn)為是成功的關(guān)鍵。誰能想到建設(shè)學(xué)校比建設(shè)軍隊(duì)更重要？
關(guān)于在懸崖小徑上攜帶書籍的詩：當(dāng)教育面前，一點(diǎn)危險(xiǎn)算什么？
印度這邊，比如，“與此同時(shí)，我們的教育體系還在努力想辦法確保每個(gè)人都能有個(gè)座位?！?br /> 中國的教育體系：公平和精英主義至高無上。當(dāng)你有好的教育時(shí)，還需要民主嗎？
It's very simple, expand the base of candidates for sextion.
1. China enforces compulsory education for 9 years. This ensures that all children have the opportunity to study.
2. Through the national system, all children who are willing to study can get the opportunity to go to school. If you have excellent grades, even if you don't have a penny and your family can't support you with a penny, you can still get undergraduate, master's and doctoral study opportunities through the national scholarship and loan system.
Tuition fees in Chinese universities are very low, accommodation costs are very low, and food costs are also very low. 2,000 US dollars can support all your expenses for one year of university.
The loan during college is 0 interest rate; the interest rate after graduation is 4%. 90% of students can pay off their loans within one year after graduation. In addition, banks cannot collect student loans. That is: if the student is unable to repay the loan, then the loan can only be a bad debt of the bank.
3. During the master's and doctoral periods, the state provides all expenses. The professor who guides you will generally give you some project expenses. Therefore, Chinese doctors not only have the money to study, but also have a surplus for marriage.
這很簡單，擴(kuò)大選拔的基礎(chǔ)。
1. 中國實(shí)行九年義務(wù)教育。這確保了所有孩子都有學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。
2. 通過國家體系，所有愿意學(xué)習(xí)的孩子都可以獲得上學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)。如果你成績優(yōu)秀，即使你身無分文，你的家庭也拿不出一分錢，你仍然可以通過獲取國家獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金和助學(xué)貸款獲得本科、碩士和博士的就讀機(jī)會(huì)。
中國大學(xué)的學(xué)費(fèi)非常低，住宿費(fèi)也非常低，伙食費(fèi)也很低。2000 美元可以支持你一年的大學(xué)費(fèi)用。
大學(xué)期間的貸款是 0 利率；畢業(yè)后是 4%。90%的學(xué)生可以在畢業(yè)后一年內(nèi)還清貸款。此外，銀行不能主動(dòng)收取學(xué)生的貸款償還。也就是說：如果學(xué)生無法償還貸款，那么這筆貸款只能成為銀行的壞賬。
3. 在就讀碩士和博士期間，國家提供所有費(fèi)用。指導(dǎo)你的導(dǎo)師通常會(huì)給你一些項(xiàng)目費(fèi)用。因此，中國的博士生不僅有錢學(xué)習(xí)，還有結(jié)余用于結(jié)婚。
By equal opportunity in education, all the ceeam will rise. With 1 billion candidates, you adjust for age, there will find 10,000 geniuses. Let them bloom, China is center of world again.
通過平等的教育機(jī)會(huì)，所有的人都會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)階級(jí)躍遷。在10億候選人中，根據(jù)年齡篩選，你也會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)1萬個(gè)天才。讓他們綻放出自己的光芒，中國就會(huì)再次成為世界的中心。
In my opinion, China scientists progress and the fervor for academic pursuits are not inherently tied to its education culture.
The widespread obsession with education across social classes stems from extreme scarcity of per capita resources, unequal distribution of societal wealth, and the concentration of power and capital in the upper echelons. This is a social phenomenon created to mitigate class contradictions, not unique to China.
In ancient China, for a commoner to achieve upward mobility, they had to excel in the imperial examination system. In modern times, the National College Entrance Examination (Gaokao) has replaced the imperial exams as a mechanism to screen and sext individuals from the lower classes.
India has developed a similar culture in recent history. The Indian underclass strives to enter the civil service system through the Civil Services Examination (CSE). Once a student achieves high scores, they can immediately break free from the constraints of the caste system and ascend into the new elite class. India’s civil service sextion system originated from the British model, and thus the UK also has analogous institutions.
在我看來，中國科學(xué)家的進(jìn)步和對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)追求的熱情并不與其教育文化本質(zhì)上相關(guān)。
社會(huì)各階層對(duì)教育的普遍癡迷源于人均資源的極度稀缺、社會(huì)財(cái)富的不平等分配以及權(quán)力和資本在上層階級(jí)的集中。這是一個(gè)為了緩解階級(jí)矛盾而創(chuàng)造的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，并非中國獨(dú)有。
在古代中國，一個(gè)平民要想實(shí)現(xiàn)向上流動(dòng)，就必須在科舉制度中表現(xiàn)出色。在現(xiàn)代，全國高考取代了科舉考試，成為篩選和選拔下層階級(jí)個(gè)體的機(jī)制。
印度在近代歷史上也發(fā)展出了類似的文化。印度的底層階級(jí)通過文官考試進(jìn)入公務(wù)員系統(tǒng)。一旦學(xué)生取得高分，他們可以立即擺脫種姓制度的束縛，升入新的精英階層。印度的文官選拔系統(tǒng)起源于英國模式，因此英國也有類似的機(jī)構(gòu)。
The benefits are that the newly ascended elites acquire foundational knowledge and rigorous training, reducing the likelihood of irrational decision-making. It also provides social mobility, alleviating some class tensions.
The drawback is that students’ motivation to study often arises not from intellectual curiosity, but as a means to climb the social ladder—a zero-sum competition. Once individuals succeed in exams and achieve class elevation, their drive for learning diminishes, and they lose the incentive to further explore knowledge.
China’s capable to cultivate scientists within its domestic education system only happen in recent years. As Chinese society has grown wealthier overall, it has gained the capacity to sustain specialized groups detached from immediate productive needs—scientists, athletes, artists, etc.
After all, scientific research is not cheap. Experiments require funding, and returns are rarely immediate. Impoverished nations simply cannot afford to sustain scientific projects.
這種制度既有優(yōu)點(diǎn)也有缺點(diǎn)。
優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于新晉的精英獲得了基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和嚴(yán)格訓(xùn)練，減少了非理性決策的可能性。它還提供了社會(huì)流動(dòng)性，緩解了一些階級(jí)矛盾。
缺點(diǎn)是，學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)力往往不是來自求知欲，而是為了爬上社會(huì)階梯——一場零和博弈。一旦個(gè)人在考試中成功并提升階級(jí)，他們的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力就會(huì)減弱，失去進(jìn)一步探索知識(shí)的動(dòng)力。
中國能夠在其國內(nèi)教育體系中培養(yǎng)科學(xué)家，這只是在近年來才成為可能。隨著中國社會(huì)整體變得越來越富裕，它已經(jīng)獲得了維持脫離即時(shí)生產(chǎn)需求的專業(yè)群體的能力——科學(xué)家、運(yùn)動(dòng)員、藝術(shù)家等。
畢竟，科學(xué)研究并不便宜。實(shí)驗(yàn)需要資金，而回報(bào)很少是即時(shí)的。貧窮的國家根本無法負(fù)擔(dān)維持科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目。