QA：為什么印度無法像中國那樣提供廉價勞動力？

Prasanna Bhalerao
You are under a misapprehension. Chinese labour, while cheaper than Western/Developed countries, it far more expensive than Indian labour. And yet China maintains lower cost of production because of the following:

你誤解了。中國的勞動力成本雖然比西方/發(fā)達國家便宜，但比印度勞動力貴得多。然而，中國仍然能保持較低的生產成本，原因如下：

Strong work ethics, high productivity and devotion to duty (some enforced by government run discipline). No TP, no visiting Chai stalls and spend at least 30 minutes per visit. An unproductive employee can be fired for not doing the job.

強烈的職業(yè)道德、高生產率和敬業(yè)精神（部分由政府主導的紀律強制執(zhí)行）。沒有“TP”（可能指茶歇時間），不會去茶攤閑逛，一去就至少耗費30分鐘。不稱職的員工會因為不干活而被解雇。

Better / advanced machines and tools that are built around the latest technology.

更好/更先進的、基于最新技術打造的機器和工具。

Scale of operations. Costs reduce because of mass production.

運營規(guī)模大。大規(guī)模生產降低了成本。

Ease of doing business is better than India. No waiting for six months to get permissions to start new product, imports stuck at customs, etc.

營商環(huán)境比印度好。不需要等待六個月才能獲得新產品的生產許可，進口貨物不會在海關滯留等等。

Far, far (and far) superior logistics and transport management. In India, one cannot predict whether raw material or finish goods will reach destination in 2 days or 2 weeks. This too reduces cost and helps in JIT (Just-in-Time) manufacturing.

物流和運輸管理要遠遠（再遠遠）優(yōu)于印度。在印度，你無法預測原材料或成品是2天還是2周才能到達目的地。這也降低了成本，并有助于準時制（JIT）生產。

Even local human transport is better.

就連本地的人員交通也更為高效。

Balachandran Krishnamoorty
Chinese labour is expensive but labour cost is low because of high productivity. Indian labour is cheap but labour cost is high because of low productivity.

中國勞動力昂貴，但由于高生產率，勞動力成本低。印度勞動力便宜，但由于低生產率，勞動力成本高。

Rajarajan Chinnappan
In India, the indirect expenses incured by an employer is much more than what they pay the employee. In India, either you pay wages as per labor act or you just pay cash and get rid of all indirect expenses. Let's assume you run a small processing company with 10 employees. Per month, you just pay 7 employees @ Rs.12,000, 2 employees @ Rs.19,000 and a manager @ Rs.28,000. You pay all of them in cash a total of Rs.1,50,000 wash your hands and carry out business.

在印度，雇主承擔的間接費用遠高于他們支付給員工的工資。在印度，你要么按照勞動法支付工資，要么只支付現(xiàn)金以擺脫所有間接費用。假設你經(jīng)營一家有10名員工的小型加工公司。每個月，你只需支付7名員工每人12,000盧比（約1025元），2名員工每人19,000盧比（約1622元），一名經(jīng)理28,000盧比（約2390元）。你以現(xiàn)金支付給所有人，總計150,000盧比（約12800元），然后就能脫手不管繼續(xù)做生意了。

Now let's compare the same scenario with the cost incurred by a company should pay as said in labor laws: In addition to the salary, you would have to accomodate additional expense for PF @ 12%, EDLI @ 1%, ESI @ 3.25%, Bonus @ 8.33%, Gratuity @ 5%, National/festival holiday & personal leave @ appr 5.5%

現(xiàn)在讓我們將同樣的情況與按勞動法規(guī)定公司應承擔的成本進行比較：除了工資，你還必須承擔額外的費用：公積金 (PF) @ 12%，雇員存款關聯(lián)保險 (EDLI) @ 1%，雇員國家保險 (ESI) @ 3.25%，獎金 @ 8.33%，退休金 (Gratuity) @ 5%，國家/節(jié)日假期和個人休假 @ 約 5.5%

Total expense incurred by employer on top of the basic is 35%. In addition, you will have to track and pay TDS for that manager, professional tax and labor welfare fund for all employees. This doesn't include the amount of paperwork that you have to prepare, the resources in terms of manhours and money that you have to pay for compliance. Payment of most of these in govt portal will test your patience. Here the same expense incurred by the company for payroll is Rs.2,02,000 + half of an additional resource to manage all these. The sad thing about this is that your employee's take home pay after deductions is only Rs.10,600. So to match your employee's market wages, you should pay 15% higher CTC. The bigger your company, you wil have to be more keen on compliance.

雇主在基本工資之上承擔的總費用是35%。此外，你還必須為該經(jīng)理跟蹤并繳納預扣稅 (TDS)，為所有員工繳納專業(yè)稅和勞工福利基金。這還不包括你必須準備的大量文書工作，以及為合規(guī)性所付出的人力和金錢資源。在政府門戶網(wǎng)站上支付其中大部分費用會考驗你的耐心。這種情況下，公司為同樣薪資支付的總成本是202,000盧比（約17250元）外加管理這些事務所需額外資源的半個崗位?？杀氖牵愕膯T工扣除各項費用后的實得工資只有10,600盧比（約905元）。因此，為了匹配員工的市場工資，你需要支付高出15%的總成本 (CTC)。公司越大，你就越需要注重合規(guī)。

Once you get into one form of indirect expense, you get yourself into govt system (and its vicinity) and these departments now talk to each other and your place will be frequented with multiple officer's from time to time for audit. Evasion is possible only to a certain extent now.

一旦你涉及任何一種間接費用，你就進入了政府系統(tǒng)（及其周邊），這些部門會互通信息，你的場所會不時有多個官員頻繁造訪進行審計。如今逃稅只能在有限程度上實現(xiàn)。

Let's compare this scenario with that of China. China started (40 years back) with a roadmap that threw all labor laws in trash. Then when employers started exploiting employees, it stepped in little by little and by now they might have striked a good balance as things started to settle in. The balance here is productivity of employees vs protection given to employees. Now they have facilitated infrastructure through technology for easing compliance. But in our country, the factories act, labor laws, bonus act, gratuity act are all 4 to 7 decades old with minor definition and clause changes from time to time. UP is now suggesting a model to disregard all labor laws for 3 years in order to boost factories that come forward to set up in state. Leaving behind the moral, legal and social flaws, it might be a starting point for us to experiment out a strategy moving forward with our huge labor workforce.

讓我們將此情景與中國進行比較。中國（40年前）起步時走的是一條將原有勞動法束之高閣的路線。然后，當雇主開始剝削雇員時，政府逐步介入干預，到現(xiàn)在，隨著情況逐漸穩(wěn)定，他們可能已經(jīng)達成了良好的平衡。這里的平衡指的是員工的生產率與給予員工的保護之間的平衡?，F(xiàn)在他們通過技術手段建立了便利的基礎設施以簡化合規(guī)流程。但在我們國家，工廠法、勞動法、獎金法、退休金法都是40到70年前制定的，只是偶爾對定義和條款進行微小修改。北方邦 (UP) 現(xiàn)在提出一個模式，建議在3年內無視所有勞動法，以鼓勵工廠前來設廠。拋開道德、法律和社會缺陷不談，這或許是我們利用龐大的勞動力資源試驗未來戰(zhàn)略的一個起點。

Maulana Oraf
If cheap labor is all it took to be a World economic powerhouse, Bangladesh would have gone Hero Alom on us by now !

如果僅靠廉價勞動力就能成為世界經(jīng)濟強國，孟加拉國早就把我們遠遠甩在身后了！


Vinny Sonnasing
Cost is a factor of productivity.
Chinese wages are higher but, accounting for per unit of production it turns out to be cheaper because-
Its, on average better educated
Has better nutritional and health status
Operate in environment with better physical infrastructure
even if Soft infrastructure is weak

成本是生產率的函數(shù)。
中國的工資更高，但按單位產量計算，結果反而更便宜，因為——
其勞動力平均受教育程度更高
營養(yǎng)和健康狀況更好
在擁有更好實體基礎設施的環(huán)境中運作
即使軟性基礎設施較弱

Kancheepuram Narasimhan
Why , You- a filthy thinker, want to hit the belly of poor menial workers? Why labor must be cheap? why not power and transport? let Govt give power and Transport (railways/ state transport) to private.

為什么，你——一個思想骯臟的家伙——想要打擊貧窮體力勞動者的飯碗？為什么勞動力必須便宜？為什么不是電力和交通便宜？讓政府把電力和交通（鐵路/邦運輸）交給私人吧。

Cost of production./ transport will be down by 50%. Do U understand folloeing statement in English? In 2002, the call charges for one MINUTE from Chennai to Hyderabad/ Mumbai was Rs30 . GOVT company only was providing telecom service.TRUE. Today it is 30 paise. 100 times less. HOW? private companies offer cheap rates!

生產成本/運輸成本將下降50%。你懂下面這句英文嗎？2002年，從金奈到海得拉巴/孟買，一分鐘的電話費是30盧比。只有政府公司提供電信服務。沒錯。今天只要30派薩（0.3盧比）。便宜了100倍。怎么做到的？私營公司提供廉價服務！

Yausi Tamn
I think your attitude is insulting China you want to mean that Indian labor is better paid than China's labor which is absolute nonsense , why you place yourself so high when the fact is you are lower than the poor ? I am sure many Indians in India are given only food to work and with these facts you are evil enough to insult China . even if China's labor will be higher paid than most of the world it will still be cheaper than most countries because Chinese productivity per capita can be higher than most of the world and with efficiency on every factor such as management and productivity and transportation and all other factors speeding out efficiencies divided by total cost then China's labor is cheaper than any nation on Earth this is what no nation can ever match and on the other side even if Indian workers will be the least paid or even free with only food as payment it will still cost much more than China because of less efficiency by all factors and retarded human abilities . talking nasty doesn't give you higher dignity

我認為你的態(tài)度是在侮辱中國，你想暗示印度勞動力比中國勞動力收入更高，這完全是胡說八道，事實是你比窮人還差，為什么把自己擺得那么高？我確信印度有很多印度人只得到食物作為工作報酬，基于這些事實，你惡毒到足以侮辱中國。即使中國勞動力的薪酬高于世界大多數(shù)國家，它仍然比大多數(shù)國家便宜，因為中國的人均生產率可以高于世界大多數(shù)國家，并且在管理、生產率、運輸?shù)人幸厣系男识己芨?，所有要素推動的效率除以總成本，那么中國的勞動力成本就比地球上任何國家都低，這是任何國家都無法匹敵的。另一方面，即使印度工人的薪酬最低甚至免費只提供食物作為報酬，由于所有要素效率低下和人類能力不足，其成本仍然會遠高于中國。說臟話并不能讓你更有尊嚴。

Ravi Srivastava
You are wrong, India can provide cheap manpower, ever far lesser than China or Vietnam, but India cannot cash on it because-

你錯了，印度可以提供廉價人力，甚至比中國或越南便宜得多，但印度無法從中獲利，因為——

1）Indian manufacturing sector never tried to even start ,forget about reviving, Indian government doesn't even try to improve manufacturing sector, Indian people and graduates are socialist by mindset, they prefer government jobs rather being manufacturers or starting new industry. Indians have slave mentality ,we love to be employees rather than the one that employs, even our iitians prefers getting high package jobs or escaping to west, rather than starting any manufacturing industry here. Also Indian bureaucracy is not very industry friendly.

1）印度制造業(yè)甚至從未真正嘗試起步，更別提復興了，印度政府甚至不努力改善制造業(yè)狀況，印度人民和畢業(yè)生思想上是社會主義者，他們偏愛政府工作，而不是成為制造商或創(chuàng)辦新產業(yè)。印度人有奴隸心態(tài)，我們喜歡當雇員而不是雇主，甚至我們的印度理工畢業(yè)生也偏好獲得高薪工作或逃往西方，而不是在這里創(chuàng)辦任何制造業(yè)。此外，印度官僚體系對工業(yè)不太友好。

2）Western industry or companies does not prefer to invest in India, even during China Vs USA trade war, foreign companies preferred to shift to communist Vietnam rather than democrats India. This inspite of being that we Indians could provide far cheaper labour, and we have more western education than communist counties like China and Vietnam, there could be many reason for this like- racism, land and labour laws in India that are business unfriendly, corruption, red tape bureaucracy, etc.

2）西方工業(yè)或公司不喜歡投資印度，即使在中美貿易戰(zhàn)期間，外國公司也寧愿轉移到共產主義國家越南，而不是民主國家印度。盡管我們印度人能提供便宜得多的人力，而且我們比中國和越南這樣的共產主義國家擁有更多西方教育背景。這其中可能有很多原因，比如種族主義、印度對企業(yè)不友好的土地和勞動法、腐敗、官僚主義繁文縟節(jié)等。

3）Indian people love government jobs, graduates prefer being babus or so called “government servants”, rather than being manufacturers. This could be due to because subcontinent people don't like taking risks, people love corrupt, less stress, secure jobs like government jobs. Even government loves to keep young mind occupied in preparing for these types of government exams, youngsters are content with few government job vacancies.

3）印度人民熱愛政府工作，畢業(yè)生更愿意當官員（babus）或所謂的“公務員”，而不是成為制造商。這可能是因為次大陸人民不喜歡冒險，人們喜歡腐敗、壓力小、有保障的工作，比如政府工作。甚至政府也樂于讓年輕人的心思都花在準備這類政府考試上，年輕人滿足于追求為數(shù)不多的政府職位空缺。

4）India have many labour unxs, that tries to disrupt progress of local industries, and have socialist mindset. communist in India , unlike communist of China ,still have socialist mindset and they stand with these trade unx. Politics is another reason.

4）印度有許多工會，它們試圖阻礙本地工業(yè)的進步，并且抱有社會主義心態(tài)。印度的共產黨人，不同于中國的，仍然抱有社會主義心態(tài)，并且他們支持這些工會。政治是另一個原因。