QA問答：作為宋粉，假如我是南宋皇帝，該如何阻止成吉思汗征服帝國？請?zhí)峁┮恍魯∶晒跑婈牭慕ㄗh。

Desmond Ng
Raise the walls and burn the grass.
This above sounds like a bad translation of a Chinese war novel but that's what you need to do. Here's why.

“堅壁清野。”聽起來像是某部中國戰(zhàn)爭小說的糟糕翻譯，但這正是你需要做的事。以下是原因：

Mongolians rely overwhelmingly on horses. They had the largest horse:soldier ratio in history, sometimes as many as 7:1. But, these have one weakness. They feed on grass. When the mongols invade, burn every field you can, and perhaps leave some to draw them to an area where they can be ambushed. The main difference is that you can feed your horses on wheat, feeding your strength on their greatest weakness.

蒙古軍隊極度依賴馬匹。他們擁有歷史上士兵與馬匹比例最高的軍隊，有時高達(dá)7匹馬對1名士兵。然而，馬匹也有弱點：它們需要草料。蒙古入侵時，你可以燒毀所有能燒的草地，也許留下一些引誘他們進(jìn)入伏擊區(qū)域。關(guān)鍵區(qū)別在于，你可以用小麥喂養(yǎng)馬匹，利用敵人的弱點來增強(qiáng)自己的力量。

Also, you should build fortresses everywhere. Yes. Don't build one massive city fortress to house every troop, build dozens and scatter them everywhere. Why? You see, the Mongols rely on deep strikes into open ground to quickly capture strategic targets, while rear units mop up. In China and Middle Asia, the style of war was to all convene and fight it out, so fortresses were very rare, and often cities had walls to be used as fortresses. But the reason they struggled upon reaching Europe is that in Europe, castles are everywhere. Rear units soon outnumbered the ones supposed to be fighting since they often had to besiege multiple targets.

此外，你應(yīng)該到處修建堡壘。不要只建一座巨大的城市堡壘容納所有軍隊，而是建造數(shù)十座分散的堡壘。原因如下：蒙古軍隊擅長深入敵后快速奪取戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，而后續(xù)部隊則負(fù)責(zé)清理殘余。在中國和中亞，戰(zhàn)爭風(fēng)格是集中兵力一戰(zhàn)定勝負(fù)，所以堡壘較少，城市往往依靠城墻作為防御。但在歐洲，城堡遍布各地，這正是蒙古軍隊難以適應(yīng)的地方。后續(xù)部隊的數(shù)量常常超過前線部隊，因為他們必須圍攻多個目標(biāo)。

Also, use your numbers to your advantage. The castles I mentioned? Be generous. Fill them with large garrisons. The Chinese often outnumbered the Mongols 3:1, but squandered it on trying to concentrating them in one spot (seems counter intuitive, but hear me out.) The Mongols excel at maneuvers, this is the prime method of destroying larger armies, outmaneuvering them, but their weakness is their lack of numbers. Ensure these castles are well manned, forcing Mongolians to send large numbers to guard them. This also slows them down, robbing them of their greatest asset - speed. With this gone the Mongols are forced to wage a war of attrition, one which they can never hope to win.

還要善用你的人數(shù)優(yōu)勢。  
前面提到的那些堡壘，要慷慨地布防大量駐軍。宋軍人數(shù)通常超過蒙古軍3倍，但往往集中于一點，這反而浪費(fèi)了人數(shù)優(yōu)勢。蒙古軍隊擅長機(jī)動戰(zhàn)，這是他們摧毀大軍團(tuán)的主要方式，但他們的弱點是人數(shù)不足。確保這些堡壘有足夠駐軍，迫使蒙古派出大量兵力圍困，這也會拖慢他們的速度，剝奪他們最大的優(yōu)勢——速度。一旦失去速度，蒙古軍隊將被迫進(jìn)行消耗戰(zhàn)，而這正是他們無法取勝的戰(zhàn)爭形式。

Guo Wei
There was a mysterious army of Song who actually defeated the attack from a Mongol army led by M?ngke Khan in 1259 CE. And Mongols never succeeded in defeating them in battles that followed. Most surprisingly, M?ngke Khan was killed by a cannon shot fired from the castle secured by this Song army and the Mongols had to withdraw. Seeing that it was impossible to continue, Kublai Khan sent a message to this Song army, promising their safety and their military existence in Bozhou (modern Sichuan and Guiyang, China), where the army was stationed, the army then surrendered to Mongols. However, their military existence in Bozhou persisted and prospered till Ming, which outlived Mongol’s rule in China.

宋朝曾有一支神秘的軍隊，在1259年成功擊退了由蒙哥汗親自率領(lǐng)的蒙古軍隊。此后蒙古軍再未在正面戰(zhàn)場上擊敗這支軍隊。最令人驚訝的是，蒙哥汗正是被這支宋軍從城堡中發(fā)射的炮彈擊中而死，蒙古軍隊不得不撤退?？吹綗o法繼續(xù)進(jìn)攻，忽必烈派人向這支宋軍傳達(dá)信息，承諾他們在博州（今四川、貴州一帶）的安全和軍事存在，這支軍隊隨后投降了蒙古。然而，他們在博州的軍事存在一直延續(xù)到明朝，甚至超越了元朝的統(tǒng)治。

The essential defense the Song army had employed against Mongols is build rock castles on mountains.

這支宋軍對抗蒙古的核心策略是：在山上建造石制城堡。

Diaoyu Cheng ‘Fishing City/Castle’, a rocky castle-like city built by the Yangs who governed a large piece of land including major areas of modern Sichuan and Guizhou, China.

例如“釣魚城”，這是一座建在山上的石城，由楊氏家族建造并長期駐守，控制著包括今四川、貴州在內(nèi)的大片地區(qū)。

Anyway, this army failed to stop Mongols from conquering Song because they surrendered to Mongols. However, they didn’t fail militarily but politically. The clan who owned the army lasted more than seven hundred years, which was somehow a great success to some extent.

盡管這支軍隊最終投降了蒙古，但他們并非軍事失敗，而是政治失敗。擁有這支軍隊的家族延續(xù)了七百多年，從某種意義上說，這也是一種成功。

Kuan Yu
First off I’d give all the Confucian scholars and any fool who say that "Good iron isn't used for nails; good men aren't used as soldiers” a damn good beating. During the Song Dynasty, the prevailing government opinion was that the defense of the realm was best left to idiots that no one would miss; criminals were forcibly conscxted. When you don’t respect your own defense force, the very people who are protecting you, you are just asking for trouble.

首先，我得狠狠教訓(xùn)那些信奉“好鐵不做釘，好漢不當(dāng)兵”的儒家學(xué)者。在宋朝，朝廷普遍認(rèn)為國防應(yīng)由社會底層的“多余之人”來承擔(dān)，甚至強(qiáng)迫罪犯入伍。如果你不尊重自己的軍隊，不尊重那些為你戰(zhàn)斗的人，那你就是在自找麻煩。

Second, reform the government structure. I’d reorganize the military and defenses so that troops get proper pay and training and not force conscxt soldiers from the ranks of criminals. The military and the whole country has to be mobilized properly to respond to external threats. I’d also stipulate that everyone should get some form of military training and tactics, including those damn Confucian scholars, and if they can’t fight, work to make arrows, armor, dig defensive ditches etc, etc.. If your army has plenty of good archers, crossbow men, ballista artillery, crossbows, cannons, and disciplined pikemen they won’t be easily defeated by cavalry unless their commander is a moron. I’d demote incompetent morons. I’d also invest heavily in military technology. China had invented gunpowder but failed to utilize it to its full advantage.

其次，改革朝廷結(jié)構(gòu)。 
我會重組軍隊和防御體系，讓士兵獲得合理的薪酬和訓(xùn)練，而不是從罪犯中強(qiáng)制征兵。必須動員整個國家和軍隊來應(yīng)對外部威脅。我還規(guī)定，所有人都應(yīng)接受某種形式的軍事訓(xùn)練，包括那些可惡的儒家學(xué)者。即使他們不能上戰(zhàn)場，也應(yīng)參與制造箭矢、盔甲、挖掘防御工事等工作。如果你的軍隊有大量優(yōu)秀的弓箭手、弩兵、投石機(jī)、火炮和紀(jì)律嚴(yán)明的長矛兵，騎兵就很難輕易擊敗他們，除非指揮官是個白癡。我會罷免那些無能的蠢貨，并大力投資軍事科技。中國發(fā)明了火藥，卻未能充分發(fā)揮其軍事潛力。

Third. Diplomacy. Recognize and respect the Mongols. Part of the animosity between the Chinese and the Mongols stem from nationalistic chauvinist ideas promoted by those scholars. Chinese Emperors were instructed by their Confucian scholars that China was the center of the world and that the Chinese nation and culture was superior to the other people, especially the Mongols whom they regarded as uncouth barbarians. This belief that “China is the greatest country in the world” was prideful and proved to be the poisoned chalice of future Chinese governments. Any nation that keeps on repeating this phrase “(insert name) is the greatest country in the world” will be blind to its faults, learn nothing, and face catastrophe. Pride comes before fall.

第三，外交策略。
要正視并尊重蒙古人。漢蒙之間的敵意部分源于儒家學(xué)者所宣揚(yáng)的民族優(yōu)越感。中國皇帝被教導(dǎo)說中國是世界的中心，中華文化優(yōu)于其他民族，尤其是將蒙古人視為野蠻人。這種“中國是世界上最偉大的國家”的觀念是一種傲慢，也成為后來中國朝廷的毒酒。任何不斷重復(fù)“某某是世界上最偉大的國家”的國家，都會忽視自身問題，無法學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步，最終遭遇災(zāi)難。驕傲必帶來失敗。

Fourth Trade. China needed to expand its trade routes to gain coin and to curry favor with rival nations.

第四，貿(mào)易策略。
中國需要拓展貿(mào)易路線，以獲得更多的資金，并與敵對國家的盟友建立友好關(guān)系。

As part of the “winning hearts and minds” strategy, I would do my utmost to recruit Mongol tribes as allies and mercenaries and integrate them into my army and government. I’d even use marriage to cement the alliances. Personally I think its better to have Genghis Khan as a son-in-law than as an enemy.

作為“贏得人心”的戰(zhàn)略一部分，我會盡最大努力招募蒙古部落作為盟友或雇傭兵，并將他們納入軍隊和朝廷體系。我甚至?xí)ㄟ^聯(lián)姻來鞏固聯(lián)盟。我個人認(rèn)為，與其把成吉思汗當(dāng)作敵人，不如讓他成為我的女婿更好。

Scorched earth policies won’t work so well on the Mongols unless you plan to destroy huge regions of China. This will also cause massive loss of life of your own people, China was highly dependent on rice fields; how do you plan to destroy valuable agricultural land to ward off the Mongols while your people starve to death and plague behind castle walls? Its a bit like boiling the sea to destroy enemy submarines.

至于“焦土政策”，對蒙古人來說效果并不理想，除非你打算摧毀中國的大片地區(qū)。這將導(dǎo)致大量平民死亡。中國高度依賴稻田，你打算摧毀寶貴的農(nóng)業(yè)用地來抵御蒙古人，同時讓自己的人民餓死在城墻內(nèi)、引發(fā)瘟疫嗎？這就像為了擊沉敵方潛艇而煮沸整片海洋一樣荒謬。



Kendrick VanZant
Fire all the current generals. They are shit. The search for replacements will focus on effective lower-ranking officers. Promotions for merit will be rapid. Anti-cavalry doctrine will include Big Swords and Explosions (see below)
Archery practice is now compulsory for every able-bodied subject
Appoint a Minister of Sword Manufacturing. He will see that thousands of those awesome two-handed swords are constructed. If it goes too slow the first one gets used on him, and his understudy steps up.
Appoint a Minister of Fire. He will improve and produce gunpowder munitions. Everybody who isn’t practicing archery will be making gunpowder grenades. Same deal as in step 3, if his efforts fizzle.
Terror. Poets, artists, philosophers, physicians, priests and monks will be commanded to determine what will most terrify the Mongols. Captive Mongols will assist their inquiries.
Horse poisoners.
Review Quora and utilize all of the sensible suggestions not included above.

首先，解雇所有現(xiàn)任將軍，他們簡直一無是處。尋找替代者時，應(yīng)重點關(guān)注那些表現(xiàn)出色的下級軍官。有能力者應(yīng)迅速晉升。
反騎兵戰(zhàn)略將包括使用“大刀”和“爆炸物”（見下文）：
全民射箭訓(xùn)練：所有適齡健康男子必須練習(xí)射箭。
設(shè)立“刀具制造大臣”：他負(fù)責(zé)制造成千上萬把威力強(qiáng)大的雙手大刀。如果進(jìn)度緩慢，第一個大臣將被處決，由副手接替。
設(shè)立“火器大臣”：他負(fù)責(zé)改進(jìn)并大量生產(chǎn)火藥武器。所有沒有練習(xí)射箭的人必須制造火藥手雷。同樣，如果火器大臣效率低下，他也會被處決。
制造恐怖：詩人、藝術(shù)家、哲學(xué)家、醫(yī)生、神職人員和僧侶將被命令研究什么最能讓蒙古人感到恐懼。俘虜?shù)拿晒湃藢f(xié)助這些研究。
毒馬行動：派人秘密毒害蒙古騎兵的馬匹。
參考Quora：查看QA上的所有建議，采納其中合理可行的策略。

Tim Rohde
Dig narrow 24 inch deep holes everywhere but the main roads and camouflage them. EVERYWHERE - fields, streams, Randomly but at increasing frequency toward your city or cities put sharp spikes in the holes.
Train EVERYONE as an archer and a pikeman.
Place lookout posts at every elevated position necessary to see an attack coming. Have them communicate via codes using fires the light of which you can blx with obstructions.
Place towers, gates and other features strategically to allow archers and pikemen to cover the roads. Place hidden archery placements around places where the Mongols are likely to attempt to cross open land.
Genghis Khan will send a small force of raiding parties to burn all your crops and farm infrastructure just before the harvest several months from attacking with his full force. Do everything you can to kill every one of them rather than attempting to drive them off.
Keep your holes and defenses well maintained and wait.
Without his horses he's hardly a threat. Those holes will make them useless. If he's hell bent on attacking you, he'll have to use the roads. Your archers will have been training for months or years to turn those roads into turkey shoots.
A few tactical training issues might also help.
ALWAYS aim for the horse first. A healthy mongol on an injured horse is easier to hit than an injured mongol on a healthy horse.
Make the battle height of your city walls unpredictable. Built scaffoldings between 10 and 25 feet high that 6 - 8 men can hoist into place along the wall in response to the height of arriving siege towers.
Genghis Khan will have made those siege towers out of materials from the nearest forest to your city. If your lookouts are doing their jobs you'll know where. He'll be most vulnerable while building his siege engines. If you can burn him out of there shortly before he's finished building his engines, you'll have an advantage.

1.遍布陷阱 
在主干道以外的所有地方挖滿24英寸深的小坑，并進(jìn)行偽裝。在靠近城市的地方，這些陷阱的密度應(yīng)逐漸增加，并在坑底放置尖刺。
2.全民軍事訓(xùn)練 
所有人必須接受弓箭手和長矛兵訓(xùn)練。
3.設(shè)置瞭望塔與信號系統(tǒng)  
在所有高地設(shè)立瞭望塔，通過遮擋物控制火光閃爍，傳遞敵情信號。
4.城防布局  
在戰(zhàn)略位置設(shè)置塔樓、城門等設(shè)施，讓弓箭手和長矛兵能有效控制道路。在蒙古人可能穿越的開闊地帶設(shè)置隱藏的弓箭陣地。
5.提前應(yīng)對小股襲擾 
成吉思汗通常會在正式進(jìn)攻前幾個月派出小股部隊焚燒農(nóng)田和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。你要做的不是驅(qū)趕他們，而是盡可能全殲他們。
6.保持防御工事良好狀態(tài) 
維護(hù)好陷阱和防御工事，靜待敵軍到來。
7.戰(zhàn)術(shù)要點 
優(yōu)先射馬：一匹健康的馬配上受傷的騎手，比一匹健康的馬配上受傷的騎手更容易擊中。
城墻高度不固定：在城墻之間搭建10至25英尺高的腳手架，讓6至8人可以在敵人攻城塔高度出現(xiàn)時迅速部署，打亂敵方計劃。
破壞敵方攻城器械制造:蒙古人通常在靠近你城市的森林中就地取材制造攻城器械。如果你的瞭望兵盡責(zé)，你將知道他們在哪里。在他們即將完成制造時燒毀他們的工事，將獲得巨大優(yōu)勢。

Charles Ricoletti
Choose your battlefield wisely, if you let the Mongols (especially Genghis) choose the battlefield they will take that advantage to the extreme.
Dig deep ditches and trenches everywhere if your territory, if your empire is large, dig these trenches around your most important cities and locations. These will hurt horses, make them Buck, trip and fall. This is a major problem for the mostly cavalry oriented Mongols.
Do not confront Mongols on an open field. If you allow them to surround or pincer manuever you, your army will be crushed fairly fast.
Do not try and out cavalry the Mongols. Your best bet is heavily armoured and shielded infanty and a smaller amount of armoured horse-archers. Genghis’ tactics were heavily based around fighting mounted opponents on the stepp, it would be very hard for them to penetrate your ranks if you dug the trenches and lined your infantry behind them.
I do not mean have no cavalry, you must have an assortment of quick and lightly armoured horsemen to flank the Mongols of the opportunity arises. But play it safe, they are far more skilled horsemen and likely better archers too.
Use any mountain ranges or rocky/mountainous terrain to your advantage, horses tend to stumble and it is very hard to charge uphill with dozens of arrows shooting you on your way up.
Set up fortifications or even military bases I these mountains, construct good supply lines to make sure all your soldiers do not starve or mutiny. The Mongols will wait you out if they can, but their horses need food and water and if you have to confront them, confront Mongols with tired and starving horses.
Break their morale. Set out small groups to burn their supplies or horses (cruel, I know, but it would work) send burning horses into their camps, and pick them off with guerilla tactics before confronting them with good odds.
Rinse and repeat until they either retreat or are weak enough to attack.
If reinforcements arrive for the Mongols slow them down as much as you can with guerilla tactics and try and pick them off while they come.
If their reinforcements continue you must attack Genghis’ main army with all you have, do not lose the chance to deal a devastating blow.
If you succeed in defeating their main force then in best case scenario you captured Genghis, either kill him or use him to broker a peace. It would likely be a less risky option to just kill him. If you kill him you know the Mongols will still attack, but with broken morale and a lost campaign, if you let him leave there is a chance he'll come back. Take hostages from the powerful khans in the empire to secure peace.
If they refuse any type of peace you must back off and rebuild, you would have taken heavy casualties and you should resume your guerilla tactics against the already broken but still formidable Mongol army.
Hold banquets and feasts to boost the morale of your men, tell them that their God(s) are on their side, a happy army will always come out on top against a sad and frustrated one.
If you manage to pull this off then you should be well on your way to repelling the Mongol invaders :)

1.戰(zhàn)場選擇至關(guān)重要 
如果你讓蒙古人（尤其是成吉思汗）選擇戰(zhàn)場，他們會充分利用地形優(yōu)勢。一定要選擇適合你軍隊的地形。
2.挖掘深溝與戰(zhàn)壕 
在你的領(lǐng)土上廣泛挖掘深溝與戰(zhàn)壕，如果你的帝國廣大，至少要在最重要的城市和戰(zhàn)略地點周圍挖掘。這將讓蒙古騎兵的馬匹受傷、摔倒、無法沖鋒，對以騎兵為主的蒙古軍隊是重大打擊。
3.避免在開闊地帶作  
不要讓蒙古軍隊包圍你或?qū)嵤┿Q形攻勢，那樣你的軍隊會被迅速擊潰。
4.不要試圖在騎兵戰(zhàn)中勝過蒙古人  
你的最佳策略是使用重甲步兵和少量重甲騎射手。成吉思汗的戰(zhàn)術(shù)依賴在草原上對抗騎兵，如果你挖掘戰(zhàn)壕并讓步兵列陣防守，他們將很難突破你的防線。
當(dāng)然你仍需要一些輕裝騎兵，在合適的時機(jī)實施側(cè)翼包抄。但要謹(jǐn)慎，他們的騎術(shù)和箭術(shù)遠(yuǎn)勝于你。
5.利用山地與崎嶇地形  
馬匹在山地容易滑倒，而上坡沖鋒時又會面對大量箭雨，這是你的一大優(yōu)勢。
6.山地設(shè)防與補(bǔ)給線建設(shè)  
在山區(qū)建立防御工事或軍事基地，并確保補(bǔ)給線暢通，防止士兵因饑餓或不滿而叛變。蒙古人擅長圍城戰(zhàn)，但他們的馬匹需要大量草料和水。如果你能讓他們在疲憊和饑餓的狀態(tài)下作戰(zhàn)，將大大提升你的勝算。
7.打擊敵方士氣  
派出小股部隊焚燒他們的補(bǔ)給或馬匹（雖然殘酷，但有效）。釋放燃燒的馬匹沖入敵營，使用游擊戰(zhàn)術(shù)逐步削弱敵軍。
8.戰(zhàn)術(shù)循環(huán)  
不斷騷擾、削弱敵人，直到他們撤退或變得足夠虛弱，再發(fā)起總攻。
9.應(yīng)對敵方援軍  
如果蒙古援軍到達(dá)，盡可能用游擊戰(zhàn)術(shù)拖延他們，并在他們分批到達(dá)時逐個擊破。如果援軍持續(xù)不斷，那你必須集中全部兵力攻擊成吉思汗的主力部隊，抓住機(jī)會給予重創(chuàng)。
10.戰(zhàn)后處理 
如果你成功擊敗蒙古主力并俘虜了成吉思汗，你可以選擇處決他或用他換取和平。通常來說，直接處決更安全。如果你放他走，他可能會卷土重來。你還可以扣押一些重要蒙古貴族作為人質(zhì)，以確保和平協(xié)議的執(zhí)行。
11.如果蒙古拒絕和平 
你必須撤退并重整軍隊。此時你可能已損失慘重，應(yīng)繼續(xù)使用游擊戰(zhàn)術(shù)對抗雖已受損但仍強(qiáng)大的蒙古軍隊。
12.提升士氣 
舉行宴會和慶典，鼓舞士兵士氣。告訴他們神靈站在你這邊。士氣高昂的軍隊永遠(yuǎn)比士氣低落的軍隊更有戰(zhàn)斗力。
如果你能成功實施上述策略，你將有望擊退蒙古入侵者！

Pun Anansakunwat
Honestly, this question is historically inaccurate, because Genghis Khan died even long before Jin dynasty, which controlled the Northern part of China, collapsed.

說實話，這個問題在歷史上是不準(zhǔn)確的，因為成吉思汗去世的時間遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)早于控制中國北方的金朝滅亡。

The Great Khan that destroyed Song dynasty was Kublai Khan.

真正滅亡南宋的“大汗”是忽必烈汗。

Mainly, Kublai Khan did not use the Mongol cavalry to conquer Song dynasty. He simply used defected Han generals, soldiers, and sailors.

而且，忽必烈并沒有使用蒙古騎兵來征服南宋。他主要依靠的是投誠的漢族將領(lǐng)、士兵和水手。

The first thing that the Song emperor should have done was to strengthen the empire from within. Reforming the court and getting rid of incompetent and corrupt officials were the most important things to do. This was because historically, these were the factors that led to a fall of xiangyang, the strongest fortress that protected Song lands from the Mongols.

南宋皇帝首先應(yīng)該做的，是從內(nèi)部強(qiáng)化帝國。改革朝廷、清除無能和腐敗的官員是最關(guān)鍵的一步。這是因為歷史上正是這些因素導(dǎo)致了襄陽（宋朝最重要的防御堡壘）的陷落。

Then, employing honest and capable officials, which Song dynasty had many of them, but they were not properly used.

然后，應(yīng)該重用正直而有能力的官員。實際上南宋有很多這樣的人才，但他們沒有被正確地使用。

If this were done, Han generals would also not defect to the Mongols, and helped them build the navy to cut the supply routes of many cities along the river. Instead, some of them might even defect to Song, and helped the Song repelled the nomadic invasion.

如果做到了這些，那么漢族將領(lǐng)也不會投靠蒙古人，幫助他們建立海軍來切斷沿江城市的補(bǔ)給線。相反，一些人甚至可能投靠南宋，幫助南宋擊退游牧民族的入侵。

Wen Tianxiang, a capable and honest minister and general. He put up a fierce resistance against the Mongols. He was the very last general to be captured by the Mongols. Kublai Khan realized his ability, so he came by himself to convince him to surrender. He refused and asked to be executed. Kublai had no choice, but to give him what he wanted

比如文天祥，一位有能力且忠誠的大臣和將軍。他頑強(qiáng)抵抗蒙古軍隊，是最后被俘的將領(lǐng)之一。忽必烈意識到他的才能，親自勸降，但文天祥拒絕，并請求被處決。忽必烈別無選擇，只能滿足他的要求。

Second, developing the navy: Song Dynasty lied at the south of China. Yangtze river was a natural fortress. The navy must be sent to control it at all costs. If the Mongols could not cross the river, their cavalry was useless. Unlike in the reality, a strong navy would allow the Song to resupply the besieged forts along the river.

第二，發(fā)展水軍：南宋位于中國南方，長江是天然的屏障。必須派遣強(qiáng)大的水師控制這條河流。如果蒙古人無法渡江，他們的騎兵就毫無用武之地。與歷史現(xiàn)實不同，一支強(qiáng)大的水軍可以讓南宋向沿江被圍困的堡壘提供補(bǔ)給。



Battle of Yamen, a battle that should have be won, if the Song navy was stronger.

崖山海戰(zhàn)——如果南宋海軍足夠強(qiáng)大，這場戰(zhàn)役本應(yīng)獲勝。

Third, Be alx to the news and reinforce the fortresses along the border: Historically, one of the fatal mistakes that the Song did was not reinforcing the fortresses that were besieged by the Mongols enough. Historically, when Song army failed to resupply xiangyang for several times in 1269–1272, they stopped trying altogether. Ironically, a small Chinese force of 3.000 was able to resupply xiangyang in 1272 by breaking the Mongol blockade.

第三，保持警惕并加強(qiáng)邊境堡壘：歷史上南宋犯下的一個致命錯誤，是沒有對被蒙古圍困的堡壘提供足夠的增援。事實上，在1269–1272年幾次嘗試為襄陽補(bǔ)給失敗后，宋軍干脆放棄了努力。諷刺的是，一支僅3000人的小部隊在1272年成功突破蒙古封鎖，為襄陽提供補(bǔ)給。

xiangyang, despite not getting any reinforcement, managed to resist the Mongols for several years. If it was reinforced, it may be able to buy times for more than a decade.

襄陽在沒有得到任何支援的情況下仍堅持抵抗多年。如果當(dāng)時得到了增援，它可能還能為南宋爭取超過十年的時間。

Fourth, use wealth: Song dynasty was very rich. Why don’t they use it to protect the empire? Bribing Yuan officials would help the survival of the dynasty. In addition, Kublai had only nominal control of the entire empire. Many khanates existed in the Mongol empire. Some of them were Kublai’s rivals. The Song court can send tributes to Chagatai Khanate to seek help. Mongol Khans typically hated one another. They did not hesitate to fight one another (Berke vs Hulegu War is a great example).

第四，利用財富：南宋非常富裕，為什么不利用這筆財富來保衛(wèi)帝國？賄賂元朝官員可以幫助王朝延續(xù)。此外，忽必烈對整個蒙古帝國的控制只是名義上的。蒙古帝國中存在多個汗國，其中一些是忽必烈的對手。南宋朝廷可以向察合臺汗國進(jìn)貢，尋求援助。蒙古各汗國之間彼此敵視，他們從不猶豫彼此開戰(zhàn)（例如別兒哥與旭烈兀之戰(zhàn)就是一個很好的例子）。

Fifth, nomads vs nomads: This was an old tactic, since the time of Han dynasty. Han army, at that time, was not able to match the xiongnu’s, because of the xiongnu’s superior cavalry. Thus, Han court spent a lot of money to hire many xiongnus to train its cavalry. Within years, Han cavalry was able to crush xiongnu cavalry, and won the war. Song dynasty could do the same. Furthermore, Song dynasty could secretly support the rebels in Mongol-occupied lands to revolt. The Mongols would be too busy with the rebels to conquer Song.

第五，以夷制夷：這是從漢代以來就使用的策略。漢朝當(dāng)時無法與匈奴騎兵抗衡，于是花費(fèi)大量金錢雇傭匈奴人訓(xùn)練自己的騎兵。幾年后，漢朝騎兵成功擊敗匈奴騎兵并贏得戰(zhàn)爭。南宋也可以采用同樣的策略。此外，南宋可以秘密支持蒙古占領(lǐng)區(qū)的反叛勢力，讓蒙古人忙于鎮(zhèn)壓內(nèi)亂，無力繼續(xù)南侵。



Daniel Vianna
The Mongols had but two skills everyone else lacked during that period: speed and communication.

蒙古人在那個時代擁有兩項其他軍隊所不具備的優(yōu)勢：速度和通訊能力。

While most soldiers were sent forward and left to battle out of their wits, the Mongols had a flag system to communicate between groups of soldiers during battle. Think of it as Germans using telephones to communicate during trench warfare against French and Entente troops going over the top with no plan except “kill as many krauts as possible”.

當(dāng)大多數(shù)軍隊被派上前線后只能靠自己的判斷作戰(zhàn)時，蒙古人卻在戰(zhàn)場上使用旗語系統(tǒng)來指揮各部隊之間的協(xié)同作戰(zhàn)。你可以把它想象成德軍在戰(zhàn)壕戰(zhàn)中使用電話指揮，而協(xié)約國士兵則只是盲目沖鋒，毫無計劃地“盡可能多地殺死德國人”。

Add to that the speed of their light cavalry archers, coming up, killing some enemies, running back, hopefully luring some enemies to pursue them. Tire the enemy heavy cavalry during the pursuit, ambush, liquidate, come back for more.

再加上他們的輕騎兵弓箭手的速度——他們快速接近、射殺敵人、迅速撤退，試圖引誘敵人追擊。在追擊過程中消耗敵人的重騎兵體力，然后設(shè)伏、殲滅，再回來繼續(xù)下一輪攻擊。

If you can't match the Mongol speed, don't pursue. Let them flee. Don't use your heavy cavalry against their light cavalry. Heavy cavalry should be used against infantry only, after they are in disarray.

如果你無法匹敵蒙古人的速度，就不要追擊。讓他們撤退。不要用你的重騎兵去對抗他們的輕騎兵。重騎兵應(yīng)只用于對付陷入混亂的步兵。

No tactic will succeed, though, if you can't communicate with your troops during the fight. You either do it better than the Mongols, or you're slower in realms that compound. So if you can't develop a better way to ensure communication and prompt reaction to orders, well… Burn the grass and lock yourself in for a siege.

然而，如果你無法在戰(zhàn)斗中與部隊有效溝通，那么任何戰(zhàn)術(shù)都難以成功。你必須在通信和命令執(zhí)行速度上超過蒙古人，否則就會陷入被動。如果你無法開發(fā)出更好的通信和反應(yīng)機(jī)制……那就燒掉草原，把自己關(guān)在城中打持久戰(zhàn)吧。

Adam Wu
I’m afraid you’re right hosed, my friend.

恐怕，朋友，你已經(jīng)“完蛋”了。

The problem isn’t just that your enemy is incredibly capable, it is that your own state is already well into its terminal decline, and was so since long before you were born.

問題不只是你的敵人極其強(qiáng)大，而是你的國家早已處于不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的衰落之中，這種衰落早在你出生之前就已經(jīng)開始了。

Your court is rife with corruption and fractured by factionalism. Morale is low among your soldiers and some of your most capable commanders are already thinking of defecting, if they haven’t already done so. And all this was already the situation since before you were born.

你的朝廷腐敗嚴(yán)重，派系林立。士兵士氣低落，一些最有能力的將領(lǐng)甚至已經(jīng)在考慮叛逃，或者已經(jīng)叛逃了。這一切早在你出生之前就已經(jīng)存在。

You might think that as emperor your power is without limit within your state, but that is not so. You are just one node, albeit a big one, in the brain of the state body politic. But other parts of that brain are stroked out, or currently seizing. Your peripheral nerves are suffering terminal degeneration, and some of your key muscles have wasted away from strophic neglect.

你可能以為作為皇帝，你在國家中的權(quán)力是至高無上的，但事實并非如此。你只是國家政治機(jī)器中的一顆螺絲釘，盡管是一顆比較大的螺絲釘。但這個機(jī)器的其他部分已經(jīng)中風(fēng)或正在抽搐。你的“神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)”正在退化，一些關(guān)鍵的“肌肉”也因長期忽視而萎縮。

In the Song system the emperor is just one of many nodes of power, and in fact a rather unnecessary one, which is why the empire was once able to thrive with Emperors who didn’t actually do anything besides fulfilling ceremonial duties and writing poetry all day. That system sheltered the empire from incompetent Emperors, but now, with the system itself rotting from within, it makes you, the Emperor, little more than a bird trapped in a golden cage, on a sinking ship.

在宋朝體制中，皇帝只是眾多權(quán)力節(jié)點之一，甚至可以說是一個可有可無的角色，這也是為什么帝國曾在一些皇帝幾乎什么都不做的情況下（除了履行儀式職責(zé)和整天寫詩）依然繁榮的原因。這種制度保護(hù)了帝國免受無能皇帝的傷害，但現(xiàn)在，制度本身已經(jīng)從內(nèi)部腐爛，使你這位皇帝不過是一只被困在黃金籠子里的鳥，而籠子所在的船正在下沉。

You can make plans and issue orders, but that won’t do any good when there are no effective avenues by which those orders will be obeyed or successfully carried out.

你可以制定計劃、發(fā)布命令，但如果這些命令沒有有效的執(zhí)行機(jī)制，那就毫無意義。

You want to eliminate your ineffective prime minister, Jiao Sidao? Sorry. His influence among the ministers in court exceeds your own. Move against him and he’ll just depose you and put your more malleable idiot nephew on the throne. Not that you have any capable replacement candidates you can rely on to replace him anyways.

你想除掉無能的宰相賈似道？抱歉。他在朝廷中的影響力比你還要大。你若對他下手，他只會廢黜你，把你那個更容易控制的蠢侄子扶上皇位。而且你也沒有什么有能力的替代人選可以依靠。

Want to replace certain incompetent generals? Same story. They are all where they are because of the factional politics of court put them there, and you can not disrupt that delicate balance without bringing the whole edifice crashing down, and the ensuing chaos will make you even less well positioned to face the Mongol onslaught.

你想換掉某些無能的將領(lǐng)？同樣也是死路一條。他們之所以坐在那個位置上，是因為朝廷內(nèi)部的派系斗爭，你若試圖打破這種微妙的平衡，整個系統(tǒng)就會崩潰，隨之而來的混亂會讓你更難應(yīng)對蒙古的進(jìn)攻。

Fact of the matter is, the Song, despite all its various weaknesses, held out against the Mongols for decades before succumbing. And that happened because the Mongols simply kept. On. Coming. Until the Song state’s ability to keep functioning in its moribund state simply exhausted itself. There’s no magic bullet, no golden hero, no genius tactic or strategy that can avert what is ultimately a systemic failure. Save a key general so a key battle isn’t lost? He’ll fall later to some other court intrigue, and there will be another key defeat afterwards. Introduce a new strategy or tactic? The Mongols will eventually adapt to it, as they do to everything. Prevent a key figure from defecting? Someone else with similar capability will defect in his stead.

事實上，盡管南宋有諸多弱點，但它仍然堅持了幾十年才最終滅亡。這是因為蒙古人只是不斷地進(jìn)攻，直到宋朝這個已經(jīng)病入膏肓的國家再也無法維持運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)為止。沒有魔法般的策略，沒有救世英雄，沒有天才戰(zhàn)術(shù)或戰(zhàn)略可以阻止這種系統(tǒng)性崩潰。即使你拯救了一位關(guān)鍵將領(lǐng)，讓他在某場關(guān)鍵戰(zhàn)役中不失敗，他遲早也會因為宮廷陰謀而倒下，之后又是一場關(guān)鍵失敗。你引入了一種新戰(zhàn)術(shù)？蒙古人遲早會適應(yīng)它，就像他們適應(yīng)一切一樣。你阻止了一位關(guān)鍵人物叛逃？另一個同樣有能力的人會取而代之。

Your doom is inevitable.

你的滅亡是不可避免的。

So your only hope is to be a different Song Emperor. Be the Emperor at the tail end of the Northern Song, and do this instead:

所以，你唯一的希望是成為另一位宋朝皇帝。成為北宋末期的皇帝，并采取以下措施：

Do not, under any circumstance, ever, ever, ever, ally with the upstart Jin to attack your old enemy of Liao.

無論如何，永遠(yuǎn)不要與新興的金朝結(jié)盟去攻擊你曾經(jīng)的敵人遼國。

This should set off a butterfly effect that has a good chance of preventing Ghenghis Khan from ever being born in the first place.

這將引發(fā)一系列“蝴蝶效應(yīng)”，極有可能讓成吉思汗不曾出生。

Dulat Atabek
There were seceral answers about tactics how to win mongols. However they all had one common mistake. They all UNDERESTIMATED mongols. You as state leader will face one of the most deadliest enemy in the human history. Mongols were so inventive, that all traditional anti-nomadian tactics have never worked against them. You can't just sit in the castle and wait until they will return to steppe. In fact, exactly this tactics was used by Chorezmian Shah. And you know he failed.

關(guān)于如何戰(zhàn)勝蒙古人的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，已經(jīng)有很多人提出了建議。然而，它們都有一個共同的錯誤：都低估了蒙古人。
作為一國之君，你面對的將是人類歷史上最致命的敵人之一。蒙古人極其富有創(chuàng)造力，以至于所有傳統(tǒng)的反游牧民族戰(zhàn)術(shù)在他們面前都失效了。你不能只是躲在城堡里，等著他們返回草原——事實上，花剌子模沙阿（Chorezmian Shah）就曾這樣嘗試，結(jié)果失敗了。

Mongols were very good in the sieging towns. They had a lot of good siege engineers and therefore good siege engines. Moreover, they surpassed their small number of troops by using locals as meat-shield. So, it's very likely they will not suffer a lot from taking your towns. And after taking town, they will destroy it completely. It is really huge economic damage to you. This means that even you will win the war, when mongols will return back, you will have no means to defend against them again.

一、蒙古人擅長攻城戰(zhàn)  
蒙古人非常擅長攻城戰(zhàn)。他們擁有大量優(yōu)秀的攻城工程師和先進(jìn)的攻城器械。此外，他們還通過使用當(dāng)?shù)仄矫褡鳛槿巳舛芘?，彌補(bǔ)了自己兵力的不足。因此，他們攻占你的城鎮(zhèn)時，損失很可能并不大。而在攻陷城鎮(zhèn)后，他們會徹底摧毀它，這將對你的經(jīng)濟(jì)造成巨大打擊。這意味著即使你贏得了戰(zhàn)爭，當(dāng)蒙古人再次來襲時，你也沒有足夠的資源再次防御。

At this point it seems that your situation is too pessimistic. However, we have some examples when mongols have been defeated. They are not too often, but they all have some similarities.
YOU should choose WHERE and WHEN to fight. It is very imoprtant to not fight them on the open field. You should use terrain advantages. You can fight in the mountains, forests or near the river. Terrain should slow down your enemy. Mongols much faster than you, so you don't need to compete with them in the mobility. It's will be very helpful, if you take narrow paths in the mountains. Remember! Cavalry is strong only when they are moving. Stop them and you will win the fight. Also, try to fight them right when they are camping. At this monent they are very exhausted, and you will have natural advantage.
Make sure that your logistics is safe. I mean, if your logistical routs will not be safe, mongols will just destroy them and you army will die from starvation. On the other hand, you can't interrupt them from the supply of food. Why? Because they will carry their otars of sheeps with them and additionaly, mongols will plunder your lands. So, it's very likely that they will jot suffer from hunger.
Create network of scouts. Because without good scouts you will don't have about where mongols and what they doing. It becomes even more terrible, as mongols will know where your forces stay and when they can attack them. You should even the odds. When you will know where exactly mongols dislocated, you can effectively fight them using advantages from the first point.
Be ready. Mongols usually bring around 6-7 tumens (60-70 thousand horsemen). They will divide their forces by 2-3 tumens. So you can expect that you will face 3 different armies. These armies can go deep in your rears within several weeks. It means that all your cities should be on ready to fight from the very first day of the war. Also, it will be really good, if you collect all crops in the stores in your cities.
Before this point I gave only strategical tips. Now we will speak abot the tactics against nomads.

二、選擇戰(zhàn)場和時機(jī)（戰(zhàn)略層面）  
這聽起來似乎非常悲觀，但我們?nèi)匀挥袚魯∶晒湃说臍v史案例。雖然這樣的勝利不多，但它們都有一些共同點。
1. 選擇在哪里和何時作戰(zhàn)  
這是非常關(guān)鍵的一點。永遠(yuǎn)不要在開闊地帶與蒙古人交戰(zhàn)。你應(yīng)該利用地形優(yōu)勢。例如：在山區(qū)、森林或河流附近作戰(zhàn)。
地形應(yīng)能減緩敵人的行動速度。蒙古人的機(jī)動性遠(yuǎn)超你，因此你不要試圖在機(jī)動性上與他們競爭。
如果你能利用狹窄的山道作戰(zhàn)，那就更好了。記?。候T兵只有在移動時才強(qiáng)大。一旦他們被阻止移動，你就有了勝利的機(jī)會。
此外，趁他們扎營時發(fā)起突襲。這時他們往往非常疲憊，你將擁有天然優(yōu)勢。
2. 確保后勤安全  
如果你的補(bǔ)給線不安全，蒙古人會切斷它們，你的軍隊將餓死。但另一方面，你也無法阻止蒙古人獲取食物。為什么？因為他們會隨軍攜帶羊群，并且還會掠奪你的土地。因此，他們不太可能挨餓。
3. 建立偵察網(wǎng)絡(luò)  
沒有好的偵察兵，你就不知道蒙古人在哪、在做什么。而蒙古人卻知道你的軍隊在哪、何時可以攻擊你。你必須平衡這種信息劣勢。
一旦你掌握了蒙古軍隊的具體位置，你就可以利用前面提到的戰(zhàn)術(shù)優(yōu)勢，有效打擊他們。
4. 做好全面戰(zhàn)爭準(zhǔn)備  
蒙古人通常會出動6–7個“萬戶”（tumen），也就是6萬至7萬騎兵。他們會將部隊分成2–3個萬戶的小隊。這意味著你可能會面對三支不同的軍隊。這些軍隊可能在幾周內(nèi)深入你的腹地。
因此，戰(zhàn)爭一開始，你所有的城市都必須做好戰(zhàn)斗準(zhǔn)備。此外，如果你能將所有糧食集中儲存在城中，將是非常有利的。

When you fight nomads you need remeber several points:
Don't try to catch mongols. AsI mentioned, their forces are mych faster than yours. It means that your army during the chase will catch only one thing. Exhaustion. Moreover, mongols can easily fool you by faking their escape. When your forces start to chase them and break the formation, mongols will turn back and kill your confused crowd.
More bows and crossbows. One of the main adavatages of mongols is their bows. It's impossible to outperform them in the quality, but it's possible to beat them in the quantity. Use more archers and you will hurt them badly. Obviously, you will lose more men, but you will hurt them very badly. Until your dead-kill will be less than 2:1, you will win in the archers' fight. Also, it will be good to recruit more peasants as crossbowmen. Crossbow is a weapon, which easy to master, but it is slower and usually has smaller range.
More spears/pikes. Spearmen is very good versus cavalry. They can create shieldwalls and if you face them in the forests, even small number of good spears will totally slaughter mongols. Also, during the fight, your spears should protect missle infantry against light/heavy cavalry
Try to surprise mongols. For example, you can use barricades to change the shape of battlefield. Gunfire it's not very effective, but has incredible morale damage. Small bombs, huge wooden shields placed directly on the battlefield,artillery- there are countless ways to surprise mongols.

三、戰(zhàn)術(shù)層面的建議（戰(zhàn)術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)）
當(dāng)你與游牧民族作戰(zhàn)時，必須牢記以下幾點：
1.不要追擊蒙古人 
正如我之前所說，他們的機(jī)動性遠(yuǎn)高于你。追擊只會讓你的軍隊疲憊不堪。更糟的是，蒙古人會假裝撤退來引誘你追擊。一旦你的部隊打破陣型追擊，蒙古人就會突然反擊，將你混亂的部隊一網(wǎng)打盡。
2.增加弓箭手和弩兵數(shù)量  
蒙古人的主要優(yōu)勢之一是他們的弓箭。雖然你很難在弓箭質(zhì)量上超越他們，但你可以在數(shù)量上壓制他們。使用更多的弓箭手，將給他們造成重大殺傷。當(dāng)然，你也會損失更多士兵，但只要死亡與擊殺比例低于2:1，你就贏得了這場“弓箭戰(zhàn)”。此外，可以招募更多農(nóng)民作為弩兵。弩是一種容易掌握的武器，雖然裝填速度慢、射程短，但在戰(zhàn)術(shù)上非常有效。
3.增加長矛兵/長槍兵數(shù)量  
長矛兵是對抗騎兵的利器。他們可以組成盾墻，在森林中作戰(zhàn)時，少量優(yōu)秀的長矛兵就能徹底擊潰蒙古騎兵。在戰(zhàn)斗中，你的長矛兵還應(yīng)保護(hù)遠(yuǎn)程部隊免受輕/重騎兵沖擊。
4.出其不意地打擊蒙古人  
你可以使用路障改變戰(zhàn)場形態(tài)?；鹌麟m然殺傷力有限，但對敵人士氣打擊巨大。小型爆炸物、巨大的木盾、火炮——這些都能讓蒙古人措手不及。

So, you won the war against these war beasts. What's next? Attack them in their homelands. However, you shouldn't use your armies. Political intrigues, civil unrest, ally forces - these all measures which you will likely use.

四、勝利之后該怎么辦？
如果你成功擊退了蒙古人，下一步就是主動出擊，深入他們的領(lǐng)土。但不要直接使用你的軍隊。你可以采取以下策略：政治陰謀：挑撥蒙古各部之間的關(guān)系。煽動內(nèi)亂：支持蒙古內(nèi)部的叛亂。聯(lián)合盟友：與蒙古的敵對勢力結(jié)盟，共同打擊他們（明清的做法）。